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histology > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavities
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi to terminal bronchi

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2
Q

what are the respiratory portions of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveoli

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3
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

air conduction
air filtration
gas exchange
carries stimuli for sense of smell
sound production
regulation of immune response to inhaled antigens

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4
Q

what are the nasal cavities?

A

bony and cartilaginous paired chambers
communicates anteriorly through the nares and posteriorly with nasopharynx through choanae
communicates with paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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5
Q

epithelium of the vestibule of the nares

A

stratified squamous, keratinized or nonkeratinized & lamina propria

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6
Q

what do sebaceous glands do in the nares?

A

help entrap particles

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7
Q

what are vibrissae?

A

hairs in the vestibule of the nares

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8
Q

what happens posterior to the vestibule?

A

transition to pseudo stratified epithelium
sebaceous glands are absent

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9
Q

where is the olfactory region located?

A

at the dome of each nasal cavity

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10
Q

what are the specialized olfactory mucosa?

A

pseudostratified, olfactory receptor, supporting, basal, brush

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11
Q

what are olfactory receptor cells? what is special about them?

A

bipolar neurons that span the thickness of the epithelium
modified cilia that extend into overlying mucus

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12
Q

what are supporting cells? what is special about them?

A

columnar cells, more apical microvilli and abundant mitochondria
only adherens junctions are present

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13
Q

what do supporting cells do?

A

provide mechanical and metabolic support for olfactory receptor cells
secrete odorant binding proteins

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14
Q

what are basal cells? what is special about them?

A

stem cells which give rise to olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells
small, round cells, located close to basal lamina

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15
Q

what are brush cells? what is special about them?

A

columnar cell with microvilli on apical surface
bitter taste receptors present
basal surface is in contact with nerve fibers from CN III

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16
Q

what are brush cells involved in?

A

transduction of general and chemo sensation from the mucosa

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17
Q

what are Bowman’s (olfactory) glands?

A

tubuloalveolar serous gland

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18
Q

what do Bowman’s glands do?

A

deliver proteinaceous secretions to olfactory surface
serve as trap and solvent for odoriferous substances

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19
Q

what are the five cell types in the respiratory mucosa?

A

ciliated, goblet, brush, small granule, basal

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20
Q

what is lined by the respiratory mucosa?

A

bony trabeculae

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21
Q

what is in the respiratory mucosa?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, extensive network of veins

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22
Q

what does lamina propria attach to in the nasal cavity?

A

periosteum and perichondrium of adjacent bone/cartilage

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23
Q

support in the larynx

A

provided by irregularly shaped plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage

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24
Q

what does the mucosa form in the larynx?

A

two folds, vestibular and vocal
space between is the ventricle

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25
vestibular folds epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar, contains seromucous glands within
26
vocal folds epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium muscular area near it
27
what is the vestibule of the larynx made of?
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (where epithelium transitions between the folds)
28
what are the four definable layers of the trachea and bronchi?
mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous, adventitia
29
what is the epithelium of trachea and bronchi made of
PSCC, goblet cells, basal cells, small granule cells, brush cells
30
what is the lamina propria of the trachea and bronchi made of? where is it located?
basement membrane and elastic fibers deep to the basal lamina
31
what is the submucosa
dense CT with mucous and seromucous glands, rich blood and lymph supply
32
cartilaginous trachea and bronchi
C-shaped hyaline cartilage keeps trachea from collapsing on self
33
adventitia
CT that binds the trachea to adjacent structures, with smooth muscle
34
what are small granule cells
aka enteroendocrine cells occur singly and are sparsely dispersed located near basement membrane more cytoplasm than basal cells
35
what do small granule cells do?
secrete catecholamine, serotonin, calcitonin, gastrin releasing peptide
36
where is the basement membrane? what does it contain?
beneath tracheal epithelium appears glassy or homogenous light-staining layer contains densely packed collagenous fibers
37
what is lamina propria
dense CT, collagenous and elastic fibers
38
what does lamina propria contain?
lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts lymphatic tissue extensive elastic fibers near boundary
39
what is the elastic membrane?
boundary between mucosa and submucosa
40
what is submucosa?
dense CT contains diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules large distributing vessels and lymphatics
41
what are the submucosal glands?
mucous and serous ducts with simple cuboidal epithelium most numerous on posterior aspect of trachea where hyaline cartilage is lacking
42
what does submucosa blend with?
perichondrium of cartilage layer
43
where is adventitia found? what does it contain?
peripheral to cartilages and trachealis muscle contains large blood/lymphatics vessels, nerves
44
what does adventitia do?
binds trachea to adjacent structures in neck
45
what is involved in the muco-ciliary escalator?
goblet cells, submucosal glands, ciliary cells
46
what is the function of the muco-ciliary escalator?
goblet cells release gel and submucosal cells release a solution there is a balance between the solution and gel this allows the cilia to beat freely
47
what are complications of the muco-ciliary escalator?
kartagener's syndrome (dynein) - immotile excess serous secretion excess mucus production
48
what are the five layers of the bronchi?
mucosa muscularis mucosa (SM, long elastic fibers) submucosa (glands/adipose) cartilage (plates) adventitia (moderately dense CT)
49
what is different about the mucosa of the bronchi?
height of the cells decreases, BM reduces, lamina propria reduces
50
what are distinguishing features of the bronchi layers?
irregular shaped cartilage plates that become smaller and less numerous circular layer of SM that decreases as cartilage decreases and may appear discontinuous
51
bronchiole mucosa
simple, ciliated columnar to cuboidal contains Clara cells NO glands or goblet cells
52
what are Clara cells? what do they do?
dome shaped, serous material secrete surface active agent that prevents lumen adhesion (secretory protein is CC16)
53
bronchiole adventitia
smooth muscle with no cartilaginous plates except maybe at branching points
54
respiratory bronchioles
transition zone allow for both air conduction and gas exchange
55
respiratory bronchioles histology
ciliated cuboidal cells with alveolar out pockets alveoli lined by capillaries no goblet cells, few Clara cells, gradual loss of cilia
56
what are alveolar ducts
elongated airways that have almost no wall, only alveoli as their peripheral boundary rings of smooth muscle
57
what are alveolar sacs?
spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
58
what are alveoli
terminal air spaces of the respiratory system surrounded by a network of capillaries site of gas exchange
59
alveoli histology
simple squamous epithelium composed of pneumocytes which rest on a basal lamina
60
what is a type I pneumocyte
flat-squamous cell with a large SA for gas exchange 40% of the cells, 95% of alveolar surface
61
what are type I pneumocytes connected by
occluding junctions and desmosomes
62
what are type II pneumocytes
cuboidal shape, bulge into airspace usually located in corners where alveoli meet 5% of surface, 60% of cells
63
what do type II pneumocytes do
contain lamellar bodies that produce surfactant
64
what do alveolar macrophages do
remove inhaled particulate fro air spaces they may pass up the bronchial tree in the mucus to be disposed of
65
where are septal macrophages found
CT of inter alveolar septa
66
what do brush cells in the alveolar wall do
monitor air quality
67
what is the air blood barrier
cells and cell products that gases must diffuse across between alveolar and capillary compartments
68
what are the needs for gas exchange to occur
surfactant, type I pneumocyte, epithelium BM, CT, endothelium BM, endothelium cell, dust cell

histology (15 decks)

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