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histology > unit 9 > Flashcards

unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what kinds of cells make up cardiac muscle? what is their function?

A

cardiomyocytes
contraction for propelling blood

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2
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton

A

4 fibrous rings of valve orifices, 2 fibrous trigones, membranous CT portion of heart septa that acts as an electrical insulator

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3
Q

what does the fibrous skeleton do?

A

ensures blood movement is as efficient as possible

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4
Q

what cells make up the cardiac conducting system? what do they do?

A

modified cardiomyocytes
imitate and propagate myocardial depolarization

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5
Q

what is the function of intercalated discs?

A

increases SA between adjacent cells for communication
ensures cells don’t pull apart due to anchoring

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6
Q

what is the transverse component of intercalated discs?

A

fascia adherens and maculae adherens
bind cytoskeletal components of adjacent cells to ensure they stay together

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7
Q

what is the lateral component of intercalated discs?

A

gap junctions and maculae adherens

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8
Q

what do fascia adherens do?

A

couple actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane

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9
Q

what do macula adherens do?

A

couples intermediate cytoskeleton filaments to plasma membrane

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10
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

communication conduit for adjacent cells

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11
Q

steps for cardiac muscle excitation and contraction

A
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12
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall from external to internal?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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13
Q

parts of the epicardium and what they contain

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium (mesothelium - simple squamous cells)
sub epithelial layer (loose CT and adipose) - contains coronary vessels/nerves

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14
Q

what is myocardium composed of? what does it due?

A

cardiomyocytes arranged in complex spiral
results in efficient chamber emptying

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15
Q

myocardium facts

A

thinner in atria compared to ventricles
thinner in RV compared to LV
thickest of the 3 layers

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16
Q

endocardium layers and what it contains

A

subendocardial layer (contains heart conduction system, continuous with CT of myocardium)
sub endothelial layer (dense CT)
endothelium (simple squamous cells)

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17
Q

what do valvular interstitial cells do?

A

maintain baseline levels of ECM ground substance and protein fiber
(have an endothelial origin so they resemble fibroblasts)

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18
Q

atrioventricular valve layers

A

atrialis (atrial side)
spongiosa
fibrosa
ventricularis

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19
Q

what is atrialis layer?

A

endothelium and dense CT deep to this
continuation of the atrial endocardium

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20
Q

what is spongiosa? what does it do?

A

loose CT, prominent at leaflet edge
seals gaps where leaflets meet and absorbs shock of valve vibration

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21
Q

what is fibrosa?

A

dense CT that is largely collagen
fibrosa is an extension from annulus fibrosus

in AV valves, collagen of chordae tendineae interfaces w/ dense CT collagen

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22
Q

what is ventricularis

A

endothelium and dense CT
minimal contribution from ventricular endocardium

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23
Q

semilunar valve layers

A

ventricularis
spongiosa
fibrosa
arterialis

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24
Q

what is arterialis

Study These Flashcards
A

endothelium and loose CT
continuation, minimal contribution, from tunica intima

25
what make up SA and AV nodes?
pacemaker and transitional cells (are supportive cells)
26
pacemaker and transitional cell characteristics
smaller than atrial cardiomyocytes, limited myofibrils and lack intercalated discs still contain gap junctions!
27
AV bundle characteristics
smaller proximally, enlarge distally
28
purkinje cell characteristics
larger than cardiomyocytes limited myofibrils and intercalated discs
29
what is valvular heart disease?
degeneration of heart valves transition of activated valvular interstitial cells to myofibroblast-like cells leads to disruption of ground substance levels and protein fibers --> stenosis and regurgitation
30
what is a myocardial infarction?
cardiac ischemia of oxygen starved tissue potentially leads to --> replacement of cardiomyocytes with dense CT and deficiency in conduction, contraction, chamber emptying
31
what are the parts of the microvascular bed?
arterioles blood capillaries lymphatic capillaries venules
32
what is vasculogenesis? what drives the process?
formation of primitive blood vessel networks, "blood islands," and primary capillary plexus VEGF/R (vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor) family
33
when does adult vasculogenesis occur?
wound healing and neoplasm
34
what is angiogenesis? what drives the process?
formation of branches from existing vessels VEGF/R and angiopoietin-1/R
35
what is vascular wall maturation?
completion of endothelial tunica (intima), muscular tunica (media), and CT tunica (adventitia)
36
what drives vascular wall maturation?
angiopoietin-1/R (intima) platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF/R) and myocardin/R (media) fibroblast growth factor (FGF) (adventitia)
37
what are the layers of the vascular wall from external to internal?
tunica adventitia tunica media tunica intima
38
what is the most robust layer in veins?
tunica adventitia
39
what is the most robust layer in arteries?
tunica media
40
what is tunica intima made of
internal elastic membrane (interfaces with tunica media) subendothelial CT endothelium
41
what is contained within tunica adventitia
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, nervi vasorum, vasa vasorum
42
what are the functions of endothelium in blood vessels
maintain selective permeability (tight junctions) maintain non-thrombogenic barrier (anticoagulants) regulate immune response (lymphocyte interaction) modulate blood flow (vasodilation and constriction)
43
visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle
in walls of vasculature and hollow organs only some cells receive direct neuronal input, gap junctions spread contraction signal to neighboring fibers
44
multiunit smooth muscle
in large arteries, bronchioles, arrestor pilli muscle, iris of eye each cell receives neuronal input and acts independently few gap junctions
45
smooth muscle excitation and contraction
46
different artery sizes
large/elastic - convey blood to systemic and pulmonary circulations medium/muscular - "named" small/arterioles - 8-10 SM layers/1-2 SM layers
47
different vein sizes
venules/small - 1-2 SM layers/2-3 SM layers medium - "named" large - receive blood from systemic and pulmonary circulations
48
large elastic vessels
49
medium muscular vessels
50
small vessels/arterioles/venules
51
what are capillaries? what are they made of?
vascular network that allows for fluid exchange of gases, metabolites, and waste products single endothelial layer & basal lamina
52
what are the types of capillary morphology?
continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous/sinusoidal
53
which capillary type(s) has an uninterrupted endothelium?
continuous capillary
54
which capillary type(s) has a continuous basal lamina?
continuous and fenestrated
55
what promotes movement across the capillary vessel wall?
ratio of capillary volume to endothelial cell surface area and thickness
56
what are lymphatic capillaries similar to morphologically?
fenestrated capillaries
57
what are lymphatic vessels similar to morphologically?
small vein with less distinct layering
58
what are lymphatic ducts similar to morphologically?
medium vein with less distinct layering
59
what is atherosclerosis?
lesions primarily developing in the tunica intima leading to endothelial dysfunction macrophages become foam cells formation of a fatty LDL streak leads to fibrofatty plaque formation

histology (15 decks)

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