unit 6

Question 1

hematopoiesis

Answer 1

the process of producing blood cells, including formation, development and differentiation

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

liquid matrix consisting of proteins and other regulatory molecules

Question 3

erythrocytes

Answer 3

red blood cells, hemoglobin and no nucleus

Question 4

thrombocytes

Answer 4

formed elements involved in coagulation

Question 5

leukocytes

Answer 5

white blood cells, involved in host defense including innate and adaptive immunity

Question 6

what are granulocytes

Answer 6

leukocytes with specific cytoplasmic granules

Question 7

mononuclear cells

Answer 7

agranular lymphocytes and monocytes involved in immune effector, helper and accessory functions

Question 8

steps in hematopoiesis

Answer 8

stem cells -> progenitor cells -> precursor cells -> differentiated, functional cells types

Question 9

hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 9

self-renew and regenerate every cell type in the hematopoietic system
capable of reconstituting the entire bone marrow

Question 10

what cell markers can be used to identify hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 10

CD34, CD90

Question 11

hematopoietic progenitor cells

Answer 11

more restricted in differential potential than HSC

Question 12

how are progenitors with different potential to form specific mature cells types defined?

Answer 12

function, cell surface markers, response to specific growth factors/cytokines

Question 13

what are the five sites of blood production?

Answer 13

yolk sac
aorta-gonad-mesonephros
fetal liver
spleen
bone marrow

Question 14

where does the first phase of hematopoiesis begin?

Answer 14

in the yolk sac in third week of gestation
characterized by formation of blood island in wall of yolk sac

Question 15

what compartments does bone marrow include?

Answer 15

vascular and hematopoietic

Question 16

what is the GATA2 transcription factor for?

Answer 16

HSC formation and function

Question 17

what is the GATA1 transcription factor for?

Answer 17

erythropoiesis

Question 18

what is the Pu.1 transcription factor for?

Answer 18

to commit cells to myeloid lineages

Question 19

what are some extrinsic regulatory factors?

Answer 19

aka growth factors
produced in stromal cells to stimulate HSC survival

Question 20

what is aplastic anemia?

Answer 20

there is not enough cell production for hematopoiesis
hypocellularity

Question 21

what is myeloid leukemia?

Answer 21

packed, hypercellular marrow

Question 22

what is the hematopoietic niche?

Answer 22

a specialized microenvironment consisting of stromal cells that produce supportive cytokines such as SCF and local microvasculature

Question 23

what does the hematopoietic niche support?

Answer 23

hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Question 24

what keeps cells in the undifferentiated state?

Answer 24

high levels of stem cell factor

Question 25

what is colony formation used for?

Answer 25

evaluation of stem/progenitor cell potential and frequencies in bone marrow and peripheral blood

Question 26

what does the updated model of hematopoiesis suggest?

Answer 26

there is a continuum of differentiated states rather than discreet populations of progenitors with fixed linage potential

Question 27

what are the functions of blood?

Answer 27

transport O, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste regulate fluid homeostasis, pH, body temp, water content protects against infections and excessive loss by clotting

Question 28

what are some of the proteins in plasma

Answer 28

albumin, globulins, fibronogen

Question 29

what does albumin do?

Answer 29

maintains proper concentration gradients between blood and extracellular tissue fluid

Question 30

what do globulins do?

Answer 30

secreted by plasma cells and are involved in the humoral response

Question 31

what does fibrinogen do?

Answer 31

participates in coagulation is produced in the liver

Question 32

what is serum

Answer 32

plasma minus fibrinogen and some clotting factors lacks coagulation factors

Question 33

what stain is used for blood smear preparation?

Answer 33

Wright Giemsa

Question 34

normal blood cell percentages

Answer 34

Question 35

red blood cell development

Answer 35

common myeloid progenitor to megakaryocytic-erythrocyte progenitor to pro erythroblast then basophilic, polychromatic, orthochromatic, reticulocyte

Question 36

what are changes observed as RBCs develop?

Answer 36

cytoplasm staining goes from blue to pink cells get smaller cell nuclei get smaller heterochromatin condenses RNA content decreases

Question 37

what is the major function of RBCs?

Answer 37

transport oxygen from pulmonary capillaries to tissues

Question 38

what allows for the deformability of RBCs?

Answer 38

ankyrin, spectrin, band 3, band 4.1

Question 39

what are some of the extrinsic regulators of RBC production?

Answer 39

hormones (erythropoietin), interleukin-3 and interleukin-4, necessary nutrients

Question 40

what are intrinsic regulators of RBC production?

Answer 40

transcription factor GATA1

Question 41

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 41

2 alpha globin and 2 beta globin chains with 4 heme groups

Question 42

thrombopoiesis (platelet formation)

Answer 42

bipotent progenitor cell megakaryocyte-committed progenitor megakaryoblasts

Question 43

what does thrombopoietin cause?

Answer 43

stimulation for DNA to replicate without cell division in megakaryocytes, increasing from 8n to 64n (endomitosis)

Question 44

what is the platelet producing machine

Answer 44

megakaryocyte

Question 45

what is the main function of the platelet?

Answer 45

hemostasis/coagulation

Question 46

what do granulocytes originate from?

Answer 46

multipotent progenitors, common myeloid progenitor, granulocyte-monocyte progenitor

Question 47

what are the 6 morphologically identifiable stages involved in neutrophil maturation

Answer 47

myeloblast pro-myelocyte myelocyte metamyelocyte band cell mature neutrophil

Question 48

mitotic phase of granulopoiesis

Answer 48

lasts 1 week and proliferation stops after reaching myelocyte stage

Question 49

post-mitotic phase of granulopoiesis

Answer 49

involves specific granule formation in bone marrow, lasts about 1 week

Question 50

what are basophils formed from?

Answer 50

from a common basophil-mast cell progenitor (tissue resident granulocyte)

Question 51

what triggers development toward basophil?

Answer 51

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPalpha)

Question 52

what triggers development toward eosinophils?

Answer 52

IL-3 and IL-5

Question 53

what is granulocyte function in phagocytosis?

Answer 53

neutralizing invading bacteria

Question 54

how are monocytes produced?

Answer 54

in bone marrow from multipotent common myeloid progenitors

Question 55

what are the distinct stages of monocyte differentiation

Answer 55

promonoblast monoblast promonocyte monocyte

Question 56

what controls extrinsic regulation of monopoiesis?

Answer 56

IL-3

Question 57

what regulates monopoiesis intrinsically?

Answer 57

Pu.1 and Egr1 transcription factors

Question 58

what does the final stage of maturation for monocytes require?

Answer 58

GM-CSF and M-CSF differentiate into tissue macrophages

Question 59

what transcription factor is needed for T lymphocytes?

Answer 59

GATA3

Question 60

what is intrinsic factor leads to B lymphocytes?

Answer 60

Pax5

Question 61

what is NK cell differentiation dependent on?

Answer 61

IL-2 and IL-15