Unit 2 Flashcards by Neal Aaron Ente

is the basic unit of any living organ that replicate on its own determining growth

Cell

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What are the General Functions of the Cells?

Cells provide structure for the body
Absorbs nutrients from food for energy to carry out functions well

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the outer semi-solid covering of the cell, this facilitates movement of cell organs to other places and gives protection to the cell

Cell Membrane

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Regulates exchange of substances from the cell to outside atmosphere

Cell Membrane

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moving chromosomes, these play a vital role in cell division by pairing with chromosomes, allowing it to split and attaching to each new daughter cell

Microtubules

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is the microtubule organizing center, regulates cell cycle via assembly of microtubules

Centrosome

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thin protein structures, these hold and give shape of the cell like the microtubules and facilitates movement

Microfilaments

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these digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

Lysosome

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it synthesizes lipids, phospholipids (as in plasma membranes), and steroids

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Present in cells of testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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small cell organelles, these store and transport substances to and from one cell to another and from one part of a cell to another

Secretory Vesicle

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responsible for oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

Peroxisome

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Neutralize free radicals which cause cellular damage and cell death

Peroxisome

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Store nutrients (NaCl, water, CHON, and CHO) for the cell for survival and store waste products so the rest of the cells are protected from contamination

Vacuole

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the filling fluid of the cell, it is the place where cell organs like golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria is freely floating for protection

Cytoplasm

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are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell

Golgi vesicles

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is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes

Golgi apparatus

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these are responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion

Golgi vesicles and Golgi Apparatus

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Are also involved in lipid cell transport and the creation of lysosomes

Golgi vesicles and Golgi Apparatus

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compresses the DNA into a compact unit that will be less voluminous and can fit within the muscles

Chromatin

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controls/regulates the cell activities (eg: growth and metabolism) & carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information

Nucleus

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helps in protein synthesis and production of the ribosome in the cells

Nucleolus

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involved with the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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If RER is for ___ while SER is for ___

proteins

lipid manufacture and metabolism

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are protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell these build and connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains

Ribosomes

provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane but do not participate in cell motility

Intermediate Filament

the powerhouse of the cell since they are always bundling or collecting energy to be able to supply continuous energy to the cell

Mitochondria

it is the continuous supply of mitochondria by the breaking down of nutrients to all parts of the body

cellular respiration

a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

Tissues

the study of tissues

Histology

a physician that specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other doctors make accurate diagnoses

Pathologist

What are the types of tissues?

1. Epithelial Tissues 2. Connective Tissues 3. Muscle Tissues 4. Nervous Tissues

performs functions like protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

Epithelial Tissues

the tissue that lines GI tract organs and other hollow organs, also the skin surface

Epithelial Tissues

What are the types of Epithelial tissues?

Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Stratified Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium

found in the air sacs of the lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Simple Squamous Epithelium

allows materials to pass through diffusion or filtration and secrete lubricating substance

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in ducts and secretory portions of the small glands and in the kidney tubules

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

its functions are to secret and absorb

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

ciliated tissues are in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; non ciliated or smooth are in the digestive tract and bladder

Simple Columnar Epithelium

these secret mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

Simple Columnar Epithelium

these line the esophagus, mouth, and vagine

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

these protect against abrasions

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

found in sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

these are protective tissues

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

found in the male urethra and the ducts of some glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

these tissues secrete and protect

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

these line the bladder, urethra, and uterus

Transitional Epithelium

these allow the urinary organs to expand and stretch

Transitional Epithelium

these connect everything, meaning they provide support and hold the body's tissue together

Connective Tissue

these range from avascular to highly vascular, and composed of extracellular matrix that separates the cells of the tissue

Connective Tissue

found on fat and other soft padding tissue, bones, and tendons

Connective Tissue

What are the types of Connective Tissues?

1. Collagen Fibers 2. Elastin Fibers 3. Reticular Fibers

Make up 25% of protein in the body and are tough, resistant to pull, yet flexible

Collagen Fibers

Like in the lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilages. It can stretch up to 150% and return to normal size

Elastin Fibers

Spleen and lymph nodes, thin, branched fibers that form framework of the organs, formed from protein collagen

Reticular Fibers

these move everything

Muscle Tissue

What are the types of muscle tissues?

1. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac Muscle 3. Smooth Muscle

this muscle is striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers is usually attached to the skeleton is voluntary

Skeletal Muscle

these move or stabilize the position of the skeleton guard entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts generate heat protect internal organs

Skeletal Muscle

has striated, branched, uninucleated fibers occur in the walls of the heart is involuntary

Cardiac Muscle

these move blood and maintains blood pressure

Cardiac Muscle

has spindle-shaped, nonstriated uninucleated fibers occurs in walls of internal organs is involuntary

Smooth Muscle

moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels

Smooth Muscle

these are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous Tissue

these stimulate muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning

Nervous Tissue

What are the types of Nervous Tissue?

1. Neurons 2. Neuroglial Tissue

these are the largest tissue and responsible for the transmission of impluses

Neurons

What are the parts of the neuron?

1. Dendrites 2. Nucleus 3. Cell Body 4. Axon 5. Schwann's Cells 6. Myelin Sheath 7. Node of Ranvier 8. Axon Terminals

these are smaller but more abundant and supports neurons

Neuroglial tissue

they are a group of supportive cells for the neurons

Neuroglial tissue

these cover and line the surface of every cell and surrounds most internal organs

Membranes

What are the functions of the membranes?

1. Keeps all cellular components inside the cell 2. Allows some molecules to move in and out of cell 3. Allows communication 4. Site for chemical reactions 5. For mobility in some areas

What are the types of membranes?

Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous membranes Synovial membranes

these line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Mucous Membrane

these line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body; the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

Serous membrane

these line the skin, covers the body surface

Cutaneous membrane

these line the joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

Synovial membrane

the area or part of the body in human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

Glands

two classifications of glands and their differences

endocrine - have no ducts exocrine - have ducts to send out secretions

Name the different glands

Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands

Pituitary gland

affects metabolism, among other things

Thyroid gland

help regulate level of calcium in the blood

Parathyroids

help trigger the flight-or-flight response

Adrenal glands

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Pancreas

secretes make sex hormonse

testes

secretes female sex hormones

ovaries

cells that excrete products like sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes

Exocrine glands

glands found in the intestine

Simple tubular

glands found in the stomach

Simple branched tubular

glands that have no important example in humans

simple alveolar

glands found in the sebaceous area

simple branched alveolar

glands like those of Brunner's glands in the small intestine

compound tubular

glands like those of the mammary glands

compound alveolar

glands like those of the salivary glands

compound tuboalveolar

A localized and defensive response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues

Inflammation

types of inflammation and their differences

acute inflammation - less than 6 months chronic inflammation - more than 6 months

Examples of inflammation

allergic reaction chemical irritants infection trauma injury burns lacerations, cuts, wounds

Examples of chronic inflammation

cardiovascular disease neurological disease autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis cancer lupus fibromyalgia chronic fatigue syndrome

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Pain Heat Redness Swelling Loss of Function

1st step of the Inflammatory Response

- chemical signals released by activated macrophage and mast cells at the injury site - causes nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable

2nd step of the Inflammatory Response

- fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site - clotting begins

3rd step of Inflammatory Response

- chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site

4th step of the Inflammatory Response

neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site - the tissue heals

Unit 2 Flashcards

(106 cards)