Unit VI (Senses)

Question 1

this neurotransmitter enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

Acetylcholine malfunctions

Answer 2

Alzheimer’s disease - ACh-producing neurons deteriorate

Question 3

neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Answer 3

Dopamine

Question 4

Dopamine malfunctions

Answer 4

oversupply linked to schizophrenia, undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease

Question 5

this neurotransmitter affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Answer 5

Serotonin

Question 6

Serotonin malfunctions

Answer 6

undersupply linked to depression, some antidepressant drugs linked raise serotonin levels

Question 7

this neurotransmitter helps control alertness and arousal

Answer 7

Norepinephrine

Question 8

Serotonin malfunctions

Answer 8

undersupply can depress mood

Question 9

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 9

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Question 10

GABA Malfunctions

Answer 10

undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Question 11

a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

Answer 11

Glutamate

Question 12

Glutamate Malfunctions

Answer 12

oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)

Question 13

these function to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential

Answer 13

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Question 14

these reduce excitability.

Answer 14

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Question 15

___ is used to treat and enhance quality of life in individuals who suffer severe illness

Answer 15

Neuromodulation

Question 16

The Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Answer 16

Glutamate
Aspartate
Nitric oxide

Question 17

The Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Glycine
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine

Question 18

Neurotransmitters that inhibit and excite

Answer 18

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

Question 19

Air-filled cavities located in the bones around the nasal cavity: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones, and maxillae

Lined by respiratory mucosa which is the continuous with the mucose of the nasal cavity

Drain into the nasal cavity through relatively small apertures

Drainage of the sinuses mainly depends on the movement of the cilia, which propel the mucus toward their openings in the nasal cavity

Answer 19

Paranasal Sinuses

Question 20

___ is a hollow space behind the nose that air flows through

Answer 20

Nasal cavity

Question 21

___ is a thin “wall” made of cartilage and bone. It divides the inside of the nose into two chambers

Answer 21

Septum

Question 22

___ is thin tissue that lines the nose, sinuses, and throat. It warms and moistens the air you breathe in. It also makes the sticky mucus that helps clean the air of dust and other small particles.

Answer 22

Mucous Membrane

Question 23

___are found on each side of the nose. They are curved, bony ridges lined with mucous membranes. They warm and moisten the air you breathe in.

Answer 23

Turbinates

Question 24

these are hollow, air-filled chambers in the bones around your nose. Mucus from the sinuses drains into the nasal cavity.

Answer 24

Sinuses

Question 25

___ is a tough, white-colored protective layer that surrounds the eye and helps maintain its shape

Answer 25

Sclerotic layer

Question 26

___ is a clear, thin layer covering the front of the eye. An infection of the eye call conjunctivitis can occur here.

Answer 26

Conjunctiva

Question 27

___ is a clear “window” in the sclerotic layer and under the conjunctiva that allows light to enter the eye

Answer 27

Cornea

Question 28

___ is a hole in the center of the iris. They dilate in the dark to let more light in. They shut down to a small hole during intense light to let less light in.

Answer 28

Pupil

Question 29

___ is a watery liquid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. Helps maintain the shape of the eye.

Answer 29

Aqueous humor

Question 30

___ is found just in front of the lens. This changes size to controls the size of the pupil. It also gives eyes their color.

Answer 30

Iris

Question 31

___ is a jelly that helps maintain the shape of the eye.

Answer 31

Vitreous Humor

Question 32

___ is a black layer that forms part of the inside lining of the eye behind the lens. It prevents light from reflecting all around the eye and nourishes it with blood and oxygen.

Answer 32

Choroid

Question 33

___ is a layer containing over 100 million light-sensitive cells which transmit messages to the brain.

Answer 33

Retina

Question 34

___ is a section of the retina directly behind the pupil that contains a large number of color-sensitive cells. This why you should look directly at an object to see it most clearly.

Answer 34

Yellow spot (fovea)

Question 35

___ is where blood vessels and the optic nerve join the eyeball. There are no light-sensitive cells to detect image information.

Answer 35

Blind Spot

Question 36

___ joins the eye to the brain. Passes information about the image to the brain for processing so that the image is seen the right way up.

Answer 36

Optic Nerve

Question 37

___ is a clear, jelly-like “window” that helps focus an image on the back surface of the eye.

Answer 37

Lens

Question 38

___ holds the lens in place

Answer 38

Suspensory ligaments

Question 39

___ change the shape of the lens to bring images into focus

Answer 39

Ciliary muscles

Question 40

___ is located within the orbit above the lateral end of the eye. Its fluid (tears) cleanses and protects the eye's surface as it lubricates and moistens it.

Answer 40

Lacrimal gland

Question 41

___ is helical in shape. It is the first part of the ear that reacts with sound that acts as a kind of funnel which assists in directing the sound further into the ear.

Answer 41

Pinna (outer ear)

Question 42

___ is a passage-way that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane.

Answer 42

External auditory canal (external auditory meatus or external acoustic meatus)

Question 43

other names for the external auditory canal

Answer 43

external auditory meatus or external acoustic meatus

Question 44

___ is the bone that surrounds the middle ear

Answer 44

Mastoid bone

Question 45

___ is the part of the ear that collects sound waves

Answer 45

External ear

Question 46

___ carries sound waves to the ear drum

Answer 46

Ear canal

Question 47

___ vibrates from sound waves, setting the middle ear bones in motion

Answer 47

Eardrum

Question 48

these vibrate, transmitting sound waves to the inner ear. When the ear is healthy, air pressure remains balanced in the middle ear.

Answer 48

Middle Ear Bones (ossicles)

Question 49

___ help maintain balance

Answer 49

Semicircular canals

Question 50

___ controls muscle in the face

Answer 50

Facial nerve

Question 51

___ carries balance signals to the brain

Answer 51

Vestibular Nerve

Question 52

___ carries sound signals to the brain

Answer 52

Auditory Nerve

Question 53

___ picks up sound waves and produces nerve signals

Answer 53

Cochlea

Question 54

___ helps control air pressure in the middle ear

Answer 54

Eustachian Tube

Question 55

___ are two small mounds of lymphatic tissue located at the back of the base of the tongue, one on either side.

Answer 55

Lingual tonsils

Question 56

Assist the immune system in the production of antibodies in response to invading pathogenic bacteria or viruses.

Answer 56

Lingual tonsils

Question 57

___ are located lateral and forward to the side of the base of the tongue, and formed by the projection of the glossopalatine muscle.

Answer 57

Palatoglossal arch

Question 58

___ lie near the back of the palatine section of the tongue and are arranged in a V-shaped formation directed toward the throat

Answer 58

Vallate papillae

Question 59

Involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds embedded in their surfaces.

Answer 59

Vallate papillae