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ANAPHY101 > Unit III > Flashcards

Unit III Flashcards

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1
Q

The skin and its accessory skin structures make up the ___

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

The Functions of the Skin

A
  1. Organ of Protection
  2. The skin is an organ of regulation
  3. The skin is an organ of sensation
  4. Skin reduces water loss
  5. Excretes wastes
  6. The Skin serves as immune-competent system
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3
Q

Skin provides protection from mechanical impact and pressure, temperature variations, microorganisms, radiation and chemicals

A

Organ of Protection

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4
Q

___ is the precursor of vitamin D, which plays an essential role in the control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

___ produces 7-dehydrocholesterol (Cholesterol precursor)

A

Dermal Vitamin Synthesis

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6
Q

___ absorb calcium and promote bone growth, another name for Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

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7
Q

___ binds in the kidney with Vitamin D binding protein for body utilization

A

Calcitriol

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8
Q

A steroid hormone its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus, and in mineralization of bone

A

Calcitriol

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9
Q

senses heat or cold

A

thermoreceptor

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10
Q

senses “touch”

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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11
Q

senses pain

A

nociceptor

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12
Q

senses “pressure”

A

pacinian corpuscle

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13
Q

Adhere cells to each other and to form a protective layer on the outside of the skin

A

keratin

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14
Q

Inform immune system for any microbes gaining entrance into the body

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

Detects, engulfs and destroys pathogens and apoptotic cells (cells that are no longer needed or are a threat to the organism)

A

Macrophage-like antigen of the epidermis

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16
Q

Found in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin, Responsible for forming tight junctions with the nerves of the skin

A

Keratinocytes

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17
Q

___ line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs

A

Epithelial cells

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18
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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19
Q

Upper most layer of the skin, A stratified epithelium, which protects like oropharynx that undergo wear-&-tear

A

Epidermis

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20
Q

Levels of the Epidermis

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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21
Q

Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis, A single layer of cells which grow & divide

A

Stratum Basale

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22
Q

forms epidermal ridges like the
fingerprints

A

Stratum basale

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23
Q

___ is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker-skinned humans

A

Melanin

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24
Q

The epidermis contains three specialized cells:

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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25
___ are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (stratum basale) of epidermis
Melanocytes
26
two types of melanin
Eumelanin Pheomelanin
27
Types of eumelanin
Brown eumelanin Black eumelanin
28
___ is a dark pigment that predominates in black and brunette hair
Eumelanin
29
Small amount of ___ in the absence of other pigments apparently causes blond hair
brown eumelanin
30
The more ___ in your skin, the darker your skin will be.
eumelanin
31
___ is a lighter pigment found in red hair, and is concentrated in the redder areas of the skin such as the lips
Pheomelanin
32
___ progressive destruction of melanocytes
Vitiligo
33
___ is the inability to produce melanocytes
Albinism
34
Help protect by keeping microbes from entering the body. They are like the air traffic controllers of the immune system
Langerhans cells
35
Produced by division of stratum basale, Contain dentritic (Langerhans) cells for immune response
Stratum spinosum “Spiny”
36
Essential for light touch sensation
Merkel cells
37
Cells shrink until cytoskeleton (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) stick out.
Stratum spinosum “Spiny”
38
Composed of keratin & keratohyalin (protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis)
Stratum granulosum “grainy”
39
Keratin fibers creates a tightly interlocked layer of cells during dehydration and surrounded by keratohyalin
Stratum granulosum “grainy”
40
Found in the thickened skin of the palms and soles, Contains cells that are clear and lack any internal structures and functions
Stratum lucidum “clear”
41
The exposed surface of the skin, Layers of dead cells that flattened and no longer have a nucleus
Stratum corneum “horn”
42
How long does it take for stratum corneum to shed and replace itself?
2 weeks
43
layers of the dermis
papillary reticular
44
The upper layer, contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers, supplies nutrients to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature
papillary layer
45
___ is composed of bundles of collagen that strengthens the skin, provide structure and elasticity, It also supports other components of the skin, such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
reticular layer
46
Structures found in the dermis include:
Connective tissue (collagen and elastin) Blood capillaries Lymph vessels Sweat glands Nerve endings Hair follicles
47
provides the skin with structure and strengthening bones
Collagen
48
___ is a highly elastic protein in connective tissue and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting
Elastin
49
___ helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched
Elastin
50
___ is the most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
51
It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles
Collagen
52
___ are the smallest of blood vessels
Capillaries
53
___ a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body
Transport lymph
54
the functions of the sweat glands
thermoregulation excretion
55
Types of sweat glands
Exocrine glands Apocrine Merocrine or eccrine glands Holocrine glands
56
___ are found in the more odorous parts of the body, including the armpits, scalp and genital region
Apocrine sweat glands
57
The salivary glands are an example of this
merocrine glands
58
___ have the highest numbers of merocrine glands
Palms and soles
59
___ cells accumulate a secretory product like the sebum or oil with remnants of dead cell
holocrine glands
60
The body contains close to how many hair follicles?
two million hair follicles
61
The deepest and innermost layer of the three layers of skin, Made up of fat, connective tissue and well supplied with blood vessels
Subcutaneous or Hypodermic
62
It acts as a cushion during fall or the person hits something with the body
Subcutaneous or Hypodermic
63
Act as a passage-way for the blood vessels and nerves from the dermis of the skin into the muscles
Subcutaneous or Hypodermic
64
areas of the skin that are supplied by a single spinal nerve
dermatomes
65
the area of the skin that provides sensory input to the dorsal roots of a pair of spinal nerves
dermatomes
66
name all the dermatome regions
8 cervical (C1 - C8) 12 thoracic (T1 - T12) 5 lumbar (L1 - L5) 5 sacral spine nerves (S1 - S5)
67
are useful in neurology for finding the site of damage to the spine
dermatomes
68
The Accessory Structures of the Skin
Hairs and hair follicles Skin Glands Nails
69
Types of skin glands
Sebaceous Ceruminous Sweat Mammary
70
Glands located next to the hair follicles produce sebum (oil) which keeps the skin soft, pliable, and waterproof
Sebaceous glands
71
Responsible for releasing earwax into the external ear
Ceruminous glands
72
Found in the female that produces milk for infants
Mammary glands
73
___ is a soft tissue that protects the emerging nail plate
Proximal nail fold
74
___ is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails
Eponychium
75
(from latin word, meaning 'little moon'), is the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail
lunula, or lunulae
76
___ is the visible part of the root of the nail
lunula
77
___ has the function of protecting the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger
Nail
78
Factors affecting skin penetration
1. Age 2. Skin Condition 3. Hydration 4. Fat content 5. Physiologic and pharmacologic factors
79
The normal adult body temperature:
37 degrees Celsius
80
To control heat loss the blood cells can be controlled by the following:
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
81
narrowing of the blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
82
when the hypothalamus senses that the body temperature is too high, it sends impulses that cause blood vessels supplying the capillaries in the skin to dilate
Vasodilation
83
Body responses to heat
Vasodilation Sweating Pilorelaxation Stretching out
84
Body responses to cold
Vasoconstriction Shivering Piloerection Curling up
85
heat gained by warm air rising from the ground
convection
86
heat gained by contact
conduction
87
Process of losing heat through physical contact with another object or body For example, if you were to sit on a metal chair, the heat from your body would transfer to the cold metal chair
Conduction
88
Process of losing heat through evaporation of sweat
Evaporation
89
Process of losing heat through the move-ment of air or water molecules across the skin Use of fan or cooling system
Convection
90
This involves the transfer of heat from one object to another, with no physical contact involved The sun transfers heat to the earth
Radiation
91
The air inhale is warmed by the body and saturated with water vapor, when one exhale, heat is lost
Respiration
92
Conditions can be the result of extreme body temperature:
1. Hyperthermia 2. Hypothermia
93
cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes
Melanoma
94
___ is a chronic skin condition that produces plaques of thickened, scaling skin
Psoriasis
95
___ is a scar that goes hypertropic
keloid
96
___ results in a red, blistered rash that may wrap around the torso or appear anywhere on the body.
Shingles virus (herpes zoster)
97
___ is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash
Eczema
98
___ are infection in the top layer of skin, caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus
Warts

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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