Unit VII Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Three Main Components of the Circulatory system
A
Fluid in which materials are transported ( blood)
Vessels to provide controlled paths (veins, arteries, capillaries)
A pumping device to move fluid around (heart)
2
Q
Divisions of The Blood
A
45% Red blood cells
55% plasma
<1% White Blood Cells and Platelets
3
Q
What comprises the blood?
A
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
4
Q
another term for red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes
5
Q
how many erythrocytes in blood?
A
5-6 million per milliliter of blood
6
Q
this part of the blood is for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
A
erythrocytes
7
Q
how many leukocytes in blood?
A
5-10 thousand per milliliter of blood
8
Q
another term for white blood cells
A
leukocytes
9
Q
this part of the blood is for defense and immunity
A
leukocytes
10
Q
types of leukocytes
A
Basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocyte
11
Q
how many platelets in blood?
A
250-400 thousand per milliliter of blood
12
Q
this part of the blood is for blood clotting
A
Platelets
13
Q
blood fraction, the percent volume of blood that is made up of RBCs
A
Hematocrit
14
Q
male to female hematocrit comparison
A
Males 47%, females 42%
15
Q
Normal RBC count for male, female, and child
A
Male 4.7 - 6.1
Female 4.2 - 5.7
Child 3.5 - 5
16
Q
Normal Hgb WBC for male, female, child, and newborn
A
Hgb male 14 - 18
Hgb Female 12 - 16
Hgb Child 10 - 14
Hgb Newborn 15 - 25
17
Q
Normal Hct for male, female, and child
A
Hct Male 40 - 50%
Hct Female 37 - 47%
18
Q
Normal neutrophil levels
A
Neutrophils 50 - 81%
19
Q
Normal lymphocyte levels
A
Lymphocytes 14 - 44%
20
Q
Normal monocyte levels
A
Monocytes 2 - 6%
21
Q
Normal eisinophil levels
A
Eosinophils 1 - 5%
22
Q
Normal Basophil levels
A
Basophils 0 - 1%
23
Q
Normal cholesterol level
A
Cholesterol <200
24
Q
this part of the blood carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
A
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
25
The heme contains ___, while the globin for ___.
iron
oxygen homeostasis
26
What shape are erythrocytes and why?
Erythrocytes is biconcave to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
27
part of the blood for the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues, transport of CO2 from tissues to lungs. regulation of acid-base balance.
Erythrocytes
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abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin found in red blood cells. Blood becomes rigid, sticky
Sickle cell anemia
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abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin
Thalassemia
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___ are a type of white blood cell that has small granules, and function as the defense against invading microorganisms
Granulocytes
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This is the most abundant granulocyte in blood circulation.
They are for phagocyting bacteria and other pathogens
Neutrophil
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an abnormal drop in the blood neutrophil count. This may be due to drugs, infections, blood disorders, cancer, or birth defects
Neutropenia
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___ are phagocytic and primarily target antigen–antibody complexes.
They are found in connective tissues of the stomach and intestines.
These are disease-fighting white blood cell like parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.
Eosinophils
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These are the least numerous of the white blood cells.
Histamine dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow, which helps to transport leukocytes to infected areas.
Basophils
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the control mechanisms for this type of leukocyte are associated with allergy
Eosinophils
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this type of leukocyte has been associated with lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and the modulation of immune responses to bacterial infections, and leukemias.
Basophils
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___ are WBC that have no distinct granules in their cytoplasm
Agranulocytes
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this type of leukocyte is the largest of the WBC and are critical components of the innate
immune system: macrophage and dendritic cells.
they perform inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes an immune
Monocytes
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___ are protective cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms.
Macrophages
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___ are commonly found in the skin, internally in the nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and aids in the development of antigen immunity.
Dendritic cells
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After neutrophils, this type of leukocyte is the most common type of white blood cell.
Lymphocytes
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a type of lymphocyte that helps protect the body from infection and help fight cancer. Also called T cell and thymocyte
T - Lymphocyte
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this type of lymphocyte fights bacteria and viruses by making Y-shaped proteins called antibodies.
They are able to lock onto the surface of an invading cell and mark it for destruction by other immune cells.
B - Lymphocyte
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___ and ___ have what may be described as a love-hate relationship
B-lymphocytes
cancer
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Activated B cells produce ___ to answer particular antigens
antibodies
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___ cells remain in the body after the immune response is over and provide immunity to pathogens bearing the antigen.
Memory B
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these immune cells can recognize and kill the cells of someone’s body that have been infected with a pathogen. they can also recognize and destroy tumor cells.
Are present in the blood and can move into other tissues to find targets
Natural killer cell
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Decrease platelet production results to:
Leukemia and other cancers
some types of anemia
viral infections such as hepatitis C or HIV.
49
It is the yellowish liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body.
Plasma
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a type of cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell
multiple myeloma
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The Blood Vessel Layers
1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica Externa
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this is a thin layer of endothelium that lines the lumen of the vessels.
Endothelial cells release substances that control vascular relaxation and contraction as well as enzymes that control blood clotting, immune function and platelet that prevents adhesion and friction
Tunica intima
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the bulky middle coat which consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate, making the blood pressure increase or decrease.
Tunica media
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The outermost tunic composed of fibrous connective tissue and support as well as protect the vessels.
Tunica Externa
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a thin-walled and with valves, this carries deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary veins that carries blood back toward the heart
Vein
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a small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins
Venule
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this connects arterioles and venules, and facilitates the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste substances between blood and surrounding tissues
Capillary network
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this maintains arterial pressure and tissue perfusion as they are the essential site of total peripheral resistance
Arteriole
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they are thick-walled and without valves, these carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery
Artery
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What is the color of the vein and artery?
Blood that has been oxygenated (mostly flowing through the arteries) is bright red and blood that has lost its oxygen (mostly flowing through the veins) is dark red.
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the course of the blood from the right ventricle to the left atrium of the heart through the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
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the course of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium of the heart through the body
Systemic circulation
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__ is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes
The Heart
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Heart weight comparisons between men and women
10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men
8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women
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Steps in finding the Apical pulse
1. Sternal notch
2. Angle of Louis
3. 2nd ICS, midclavicular line
4. 5th ICS, midclavicular line
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The four chambers of the heart:
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
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The upper chambers of the heart
Atria
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The lower chambers of the heart
Vrenticles
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The right and left atrium are separated by the ___
interatrial septum
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What is the difference between the auricles and the atrium?
Atrium is the upper chamber of heart and auricle is an atrial appendage to increase the capacity of the atrium, so as to help increase the volume of blood.
71
The ___ is an opening of muscular tissue between the left and right atrium that allows blood to cross the atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development.
foramen ovale
72
What is the physiology of foramen ovale?
Open foramen ovale during fetal development ->
allowing blood to pass through from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta ->
After birth, the foramen ovale usually closes after birth, 6 months - 1 year ->
If the foramen ovale fails to close, patent foramen ovale occurs
73
If the foramen ovale fails to close, ___ occurs
patent foramen ovale
74
a baby with a PFO will develop a bluish skin tone or ___ when straining or crying
cyanosis
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The ventricles are separated by the ___ and are thick-walled
inter-ventricular septum
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Why are ventricles thicker than atria?
The right and left ventricles, receive blood from the atria. Their muscular walls are thicker because they have to pump blood out of the heart.
77
This is the wall that borders septum between the left and right ventricle, which contributes to the pumping function of the left ventricle.
Interventricular septum
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A ___ is a birth defect of the heart in which there is a hole in the interventricular septum.
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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___ and ___ allow blood to pass from the left side of the heart to the right side.
Atrial Septal Defects
Ventricular Septal Defects
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this projects from the inner surface of the right ventricle of the heart.
Trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or meaty ridges)
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___ and ___ prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves on systole (or ventricular contraction)
Trabeculae carneae
papillary muscles
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ventricular contraction is also known as ___
systole
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___ play a vital role in holding the atrioventricular valves in place while the heart is pumping blood
Chordae tendineae
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The layers of the heart:
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
85
the outer layer of fibrous tissue that is responsible for lubricating the heart
Pericardium
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made of thick muscles and is responsible for contracting and pushing blood out of the chambers
Myocardium
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a thin layer of squamous epithelium and responsible for protecting the inner layers of the chambers
Endocardium
88
Major Blood Vessels of the Heart
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
pulmonary artery
89
this major blood vessel of the heart carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body
Superior vena cava
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this major blood vessel of the heart is a vein, that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart.
Inferior vena cava
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this major blood vessel of the heart are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
92
this major blood vessel of the heart carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
pulmonary artery
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Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the ___ from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.
aorta
94
A temporary fetal structure that shunts blood from the pulmonary arteries to the aorta, in order to avoid circulating blood through the lungs, which are inactive in the womb.
Ligamentum arteriosum
95
The three great arteries
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
96
An artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.
Brachiocephalic artery
97
this artery supplies blood to the brain.
Left common carotid artery
98
this artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax
Left subclavian artery
99
this feature prevents back flow of blood in the system
Valves of the Heart
100
The 2 Atrioventricular Valves
Mitral valves
Tricuspid valves
101
Control blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
Mitral valves
102
Prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium
Tricuspid valves
103
The 2 Semilunar Valves
Aortic valves
Pulmonary valve
104
Closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body.
Aortic valves
105
___ is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries.
It is a one-way valve, meaning that blood cannot flow back into the heart through it.
Pulmonary valve
106
this occurs with the closing of the AV and semilunar valves
Heart Sounds
107
first sound, produced by closing of the Atrioventricular Valves valves during isovolumetric contraction
Lub
108
second sound, produced by closing of the semilunar valves when pressure in the ventricles falls below pressure in the arteries
Dub
109
a ventricular filling sound
In early diastole after S2
Best heard at apex or left lower sternal border
Beast heard with the diaphragm
Low pitch
Indicates decreased ventricular compliance
Normal in children and young adults up to 40 years old, then considered abnormal
Occurs in patients with HF, aortic, mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
S3 Ventricular Gallop
110
also a ventricular filling sound
In late diastole immediately before S1
Best heard at the apex in left lateral position
Best heard with the bell
Soft low pitch
Indicates decreased compliance of ventricle
Could be normal in adults older than 40 with NO evidence of cardiac disease
Pathologic S4 occurs with patients who have CAD, HTN, and aortic stenosis
S4 Atrial Gallop
111
