Unit XI (Slides) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
A
PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior lobe
2
Q
Release of oxytocin and ADH
A
PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior lobe
3
Q
(Undergoes atrophy during adulthood)
Thymosins
A
THYMUS
4
Q
Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
5
Q
Thyroxine (T) Triiodothyronine (T) Calcitonin (CT)
A
THYROID GLAND
6
Q
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
PARATHYROID GLANDS
7
Q
Renin
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
A
KIDNEY
8
Q
Natriuretic peptides: ANP and BNP
A
HEART
9
Q
Melatonin
A
PINEAL GLAND
10
Q
Leptin Resistin
A
ADIPOSE TISSUE
11
Q
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)
A
Adrenal medulla
12
Q
Cortisol, corticosterone. aldosterone, androgens
A
Adrenal cortex
13
Q
Testes (male): Androgens (especially
testosterone, inhibin Ovaries (female)
Estrogens, progestins inhibin
A
GONADS
14
Q
Insulin, glucagon
A
PANCREATIC ISLETS
15
Q
The ___ is located in the middle of the brain.
It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
A
pineal gland
16
Q
The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain.
It secretes a hormone called ___, which helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
A
melatonin
17
Q
(an antioxidant): Regulates sleep-wake cycles; may play a role in influencing reproductive processes
A
Melatonin
18
Q
The ___ controls body temperature, hunger, parenting: attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
Located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland.
A
hypothalamus
19
Q
(CRH)
A
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
20
Q
(ACTH)
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
21
Q
an important stress hormone.
A
cortisol
22
Q
(CRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone signals the ___ to produce Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which triggers the production of cortisol, an important stress hormone.
A
Pituitary Gland
23
Q
(TRH)
A
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
24
Q
(TSH)
A
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
25
___ plays an important role in the function of the heart, GIT, and muscles.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
26
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) signals the ___ to produce Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which plays an important role in the function of the heart, GIT, and muscles.
Pituitary Gland
27
(GnRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
28
(FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone
29
(LH)
Luteinizing hormone
30
___ and ___ play an important role in sexual development and functioning.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) + Luteinizing hormone (LH)
31
___ is a hormone that controls many important behaviors and emotions
Oxytocin
32
___ is also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), this hormone regulates water levels in the body.
Vasopressin
33
Vasopressin is also called ___
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
34
When vasopressin is released, it signals the kidneys to ___ water.
absorb
35
___ works to stop the pituitary gland from releasing certain hormones, like growth hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormones.
Somatostatin
36
Its major nuclei are the ventromedial (helps control appetite) and arcuate nuclei (in releasing growth hormone).
Middle region of the hypothalamus (tubular part)
37
the middle region of the hypothalamus (tubular part) consists of:
the ventromedial
arcuate nuclei
38
(helps control appetite)
the ventromedial
39
(in releasing growth hormone).
arcuate nuclei
40
It helps regulate body temperature by causing shivering and blocking sweat production and mammillary nuclei (memory function).
Posterior region of the hypothalamus (mammillary region)
41
The posterior region of the hypothalamus (mammillary region) helps regulate body temperature by ___, ___ and ___
causing shivering and
blocking sweat production and
mammillary nuclei (memory function).
42
The ___ is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea.
It is the most important endocrine system organ because it controls many functions of other endocrine glands.
pituitary gland
43
___ stimulates the Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) to regulate the body's temperature, metabolism, and heart rate
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
44
(TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
45
(T4)
Thyroxine
46
(T3)
Triiodothyronine
47
___ and ___ to regulate the body's temperature, metabolism, and heart rate
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
48
Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol, corticosteroids, & androgen; can stimulate melanocytes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
49
(ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
50
___ in females: Helps control ovulation and menstruation; important in sustaining pregnancy
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
51
(LH)
Luteinizing hormone
52
"fertile eunuch"
Pasqualini syndrome
53
___ Stimulates growth and secretion of eggs in ovaries (female) and sperm in testes(male).
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
54
(FSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
55
___ is a condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty.
Kallmann syndrome
56
limited sperm production
(oligozoospermia)
57
___: Controls bone and tissue growth and regulates metabolism.
Growth Hormone (GH)
58
(GH)
Growth Hormone
59
abnormal growth of the face, hands, and feet.
Acromegaly
60
___: Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk (after pregnancy); influences sexual gratification
Prolactin
61
* ovarian and erectile dysfunction
* premature ejaculation, low
concentration of sperm, reduced
sperm motility
Hypoprolactinemia
62
___ is produced by the hypothalamus and then secreted by the Pituitary Gland to stimulate uterine contraction and increase the production of prostaglandins to further increase labor pains.
Oxytocin
63
___: Raises blood pressure due to vasoconstriction; promotes water reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
Vasopressin (ADH)
64
When there's too much ADH in the blood, ___ will result.
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
65
(SIADH)
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
66
___ is stimulated from the hypothalamus and secreted by the PG to increase skin and hair pigmentation
Melanocytes-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
67
(MSH)
Melanocytes-Stimulating Hormone
68
The ___ is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits low on the front of the neck.
Regulates body metabolism (requires iodine) and growth and development; affects protein synthesis;
thyroid gland
69
___ are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side.
Parathyroid glands
70
___ Secretes Parathormone Regulates blood calcium levels in the kidneys, bones, and intestine
Parathyroid Glands
71
Parathyroid Glands Secretes ___
Parathormone
72
___ Regulates blood calcium levels in the kidneys, bones, and intestine
Parathormone
73
Too much parathyroid hormone causes raised calcium levels in the
blood (hypercalcemia) and this is referred to as ___
primary hyperparathyroidism.
74
If the bones continue to release calcium into the blood, bone-thinning results, which could lead to fractures or spinal column curvature.
This is known as ___
Osteoporosis
75
Too little leads to hypocalcemia then ___.
hyperphosphatemia
76
___ helps build and repair bones and teeth, helps nerves function, and makes muscles contract.
Phosphorus
77
Thymus gland Secretes ___ which Stimulates the production of T cells for cellular immunity.
Thymosin
78
___ is manifested with loss of sensation, muscle twitches, convulsions, and eventually paralysis.
Hypocalcemia
79
___ is an ineffective immune response
Immunodeficiency
80
___ is the mistaken recognition of self-antigens.
Autoimmunity
81
The ___ secretes Catecholamines (norepinephrine (adrenaline) and epinephrine (noradrenaline)).
adrenal medulla
82
the inner portion of the Adrenal Gland
The adrenal medulla,
83
the Catecholamines
(norepinephrine (adrenaline) and epinephrine (noradrenaline)).
84
Has powerful effects on the body, like increased blood sugar levels and increased heart rate
increased contractility (how hard the heart squeezes) relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways to improve breathing
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
85
It is released when a host of physiological changes are activated by a stressful event.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
86
____: a rare tumor in the adrenal glands that leads to too much epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
Pheochromocytoma
87
Increase blood volume reabsorption of Na and secretion of K.
Regulates electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid
Aldosterone
88
Influence glucose, amino acid, and fat synthesis in metabolism.
Decrease inflammatory responses and promote immunosuppression
Cortisol
89
*Caused by a problem within the adrenal glands
*Usually caused by a benign tumor of the adrenal gland or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
(enlargement of an organ caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells)
Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's disease)
90
another name for Primary Hyperaldosteronism
(Conn's disease)
91
(enlargement of an organ caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells)
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
92
Cases due to a pituitary adenoma = ___
Cushing's disease
93
___ is when there is adrenal deficiency.
Addison’s disease
94
___ is an elongated organ located across the back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
Pancreas
95
Secrete glucagon
Speeds glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose); raises blood sugar when low; stimulates the breakdown of fats and proteins.
Alpha (A cells)
96
Secrete Insulin
Allows the body to use (glucose) from CHO for energy & store glucose for future use.
Helps keep the blood sugar level from hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Secrete Amylin
Amylin: (co-secreted with insulin) inhibits glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, and acts as a satiety agent.
Beta (B cells)
97
___: (co-secreted with insulin) inhibits glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, and acts as a satiety agent.
Amylin
98
Secrete Somatostatin
Regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.
Delta (D cells)
99
Regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.
Somatostatin
100
Secrete Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP).
Its secretion is stimulated by eating, exercising, and fasting.
It can inhibit gallbladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion.
F cells
101
___ are where male and female gametes are produced.
Gonads
102
___: For reproduction and the development of female sex characteristics (breast development; widening of the pelvis, growth of pubic hairs, maturation and development of uterus and vagina).
Estrogens
103
___: Prepare the uterus for conception; regulate uterus changes during the menstrual cycle; increase sexual desire; aid in ovulation; and stimulate gland development for milk production during pregnancy.
Progesterone
104
___: a precursor to testosterone and estrogens.
Androstenedione
105
___: Stimulates the production and release of FSH. It also assists in menstrual cycle regulation.
Activin
106
___: Inhibits the production and release of FSH.
Inhibin
107
___ are hormones that influence the development of the male reproductive system.
Androgens (Testosterone)
108
___: Hormone that serves as a precursor to testosterone and estrogens.
Androstenedione
109
___: Hormone that inhibits the release of FSH and is thought to be involved in sperm cell development and regulation.
Inhibin
110
___ is responsible for increased muscle and bone mass; increased growth of body hair; development of broad shoulders; deepening of the voice; and growth of the penis.
Testosterone
111
