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ANAPHY101 > Unit IX > Flashcards

Unit IX Flashcards

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1
Q

___ and ___, are the brain centers of respiration

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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2
Q

Function of the Respiratory
System

A

This system takes in
oxygen for the body,
and gets rid of carbon
dioxide.

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3
Q

Division of the Respiratory System:

A

Extra-thoracic
- mouth/nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- glottis
- upper trachea

Intra-thoracic
- lower trachea
- mainstream bronchi
- alveoli

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4
Q

Functional Anatomy of the respiratory system:

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

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5
Q

this zone is for rigid conduits for air to reach site of gas exchange

Includes the:
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi

A

Conducting zone

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6
Q

this zone is the site for gas exchange

Includes the:
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts

A

Respiratory zone

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7
Q

Air is inhaled through the ___, where it is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

A

nose

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8
Q

Tiny hairs called ___ line the inside of the nose to filter dust and particles in the air we breathe.

A

cilia

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9
Q

The passages to the lungs are lined with cells that make mucus called ___ cells along with ciliated cells

A

Goblet cells

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10
Q

Air passes into the ___ through the nose, which is the area behind the nose that leads to the throat.

A

pharynx (throat)

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11
Q

Parts of the pharynx:

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Hypopharynx
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12
Q

the ___ is also called the voice box and is located at the bottom of the pharynx.

A

Larynx

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13
Q

___ produce sound and are contained in the larynx.

A

Vocal cords

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14
Q

The ___ is the flap of tissue at the top of the larynx.

It prevents food from entering the windpipe by covering the larynx when food is swallowed.

A

epiglottis

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15
Q

At the bottom of the larynx is the ___, which is also known as the windpipe.

A

trachea

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16
Q

The trachea is divided into two tubes, called ___, which carry air to each lung.

A

bronchi

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17
Q

Each bronchus splits into branches called ___.

A

bronchioles

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18
Q

In each of the two lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller branches which contain millions of tiny air sacs. Bronchioles split to form small air pouches called ___.

A

alveoli

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19
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by small blood vessels, called ___ where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide.

A

capillaries

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20
Q

The Pleural linings and cavities:

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

Pleura cavity

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21
Q

___ is the pleura lining which covers the lung

A

Visceral pleura

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22
Q

___ is the pleura lining for the ribcage and covers the upper diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

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23
Q

___ is the space between the pleura which contains fluid.

A

Pleura cavity

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24
Q

Lobes of the Lungs:

A

Right Lung:
Superior Lobe
Middle Lobe
Inferior Lobe

Left Lung:
Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe

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25
In the right lung, the superior lobe is separated from the middle lobe by the ___.
horizontal fissure
26
In the right lung, the middle lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the ___.
oblique fissure
27
In the left lung, the superior lobe is separated from the inferior lobe by the ___.
oblique fissure
28
___ is a surface acting material or agent that is responsible for lowering the surface tension of a fluid.
Surfactant
29
Surfactant that lines the epithelium of the alveoli of in lungs is known as ___ and it decreases the surface tension on the alveolar membrane.
pulmonary surfactant
30
Why is surface tension important?
Airways would collapse after exhalation, making re-inflation during inhalation much more difficult and less effective.
31
Collapse of the lungs is called ___.
atelectasis
32
is the force exerted by water molecules on the surface of the lung tissue as those water molecules pull together
Surface tension
33
Source of secretion of pulmonary surfactant:
1. Type II alveolar 2. Clara cells
34
___ cells in the lungs which are called surfactant secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes. Characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
35
___ which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called bronchiolar exocrine cells.
Clara cells
36
Type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs which are called ___ Characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface
surfactant secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes.
37
Clara cells which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called ___.
bronchiolar exocrine cells
38
Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation):
Sternocleidomastoid Scalene Pectoralis Minor Serratus Anterior
39
Primary Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation):
Diaphragm External intercostal muscles
40
Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Exhalation):
Internal intercostal Muscles Transversus thoracis External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal Oblique
41
During INHALATION, the diaphragm ___
contracts (moves down)
42
During EXHALATION, the diaphragm ___
relaxes(moves up)
43
These refer to the volume of air associated with the different phases of the respiratory cycle.
Lung Volumes and Capacities
44
Lung _ are directly measured while lung _ are inferred from the latter.
volumes capacities
45
Device that records on a graph the volume of air in a person's lungs as a function of time.
Spinogram
46
Normal volume of air inspired or expired during quiet breathing
Tidal Volume (TV)
47
Additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
48
The normal IRV levels for male and female:
3,300 ml. (male) 1,900 ml. (female)
49
The instrument use to measure IRV
spirometer
50
The amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling.
Residual volume (RV)
51
Normal RV level
RV: 1,200 ml.
52
Normal TV level: TV:
500 ml.
53
The maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
54
Normal ERV level:
1,100 ml.
55
To compute: ERV
ERV = FRC – RV
56
The maximum amount of air that can be inspired.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
57
To compute: IC
IC = TV + IRV
58
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after normal tidal inspiration
Expiratory Capacity (EC)
59
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration.
Functional Residual Capacity
60
To compute: FRC
FRC = RV + ERV
61
Significance of Functional Residual Capacity (FRV):
1. Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained 2. Breath holding is made possible 3. Dilution of toxic inhaled gases 4. Prevents collapse of the lungs 5. Reduces workload of respiratory muscles and ventricles
62
Factors affecting functional residual capacity (FRV):
1. Old age 2. COPD
63
Total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling.
Vital Capacity
64
Compute for VC:
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
65
Vital Capacity And Its Significance.
To assess the strength of respiratory muscles
66
Factors affecting Vital Capacity (VC):
Age sex strength of respiratory muscles pregnancy ascites pulmonary diseases
67
Volume of air present in the lungs after maximum inspiration
Total Lung Capacity
68
Compute for TLC:
TLC = VC + RV
69
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (a waste product of body processes) in the alveoli (tiny air sacs) at the end of the bronchial tubes.
Gas Exchange / Transport
70
Asthma Inflamed Bronchus
71
___ is a collapsed lung, air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of the lung and makes it collapse.
Pneumothorax
72
___ is the inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs their lubricating function and causes pain when breathing.
Pleurisy
73
___ is when the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness
Emphysema
74
Inflammation and excess mucus
Chronic Bronchitis

ANAPHY101 (17 decks)

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