Unit IV Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the skeletal system
A
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Blood cell formation
- Storage
2
Q
Classification of bone tissue
A
Spongy bone
Compact bone
3
Q
Spongy bone is also known as
A
Cancellous or Trabecular
4
Q
Compact bone is also known as
A
Cortical bone
5
Q
___ and ___ maintain the bone mass necessary to support the skeleton
A
Calcium and Phosphorus
6
Q
How much of total phosphorus is stored in bone and the remaining phosphorus is distributed in soft tissues?
A
90%
7
Q
___ helps filter waste in the kidneys and also helps reduce muscle pain after a workout
A
Phosphorus
8
Q
is a mineral that makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight
A
Phosphorus
9
Q
Four Shapes of bones
A
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
10
Q
How many bones does an adult human have?
A
206
11
Q
It has a plate of hyaline cartilage found in children and adolescents, located in the metaphysis at the ends of each long bone
A
Epiphyseal line
12
Q
In adults, who have stopped growing, the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) is replaced by an ___
A
epiphyseal line
13
Q
Long bone consists of a shaft called ___
A
diaphysis
14
Q
two expanded ends called ___ that attach with the other bones
A
epiphysis
15
Q
It is the area between the growth plate and the shaft
A
Metaphysis
16
Q
It also contains the epiphyseal growth plate, the site of new longitudinal bone growth
A
Metaphysis
17
Q
___ are located between the widened part of the shaft of the bone (metaphysis) and the end of the bone (epiphysis)
A
Growth plates
18
Q
This region functions to transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis
A
metaphysis
19
Q
The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored
A
Medullary Canal/Cavity
20
Q
is also known as the marrow cavity
A
Medullary Canal/Cavity
21
Q
___ is a spongy substance found in the center of the bones. It manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells
A
Bone marrow
22
Q
___ produces red blood cells that carry oxygen, white blood cells that prevent infection and platelets that control bleeding
A
Bone marrow
23
Q
The thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage)
A
Periosteum
24
Q
It contributes to bone elongation and modeling in growth and development, and when the bone is injured, participates in its recovery.
A
Periosteum
25
Covers the surface of the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of the spongy bone tissue and covers the wall of the various canals that pass through the compact bone.
Endosteum
26
___ is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints.
Articular cartilage
27
To provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient
Articular cartilage
28
are "short": cubelike. They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Short bones
29
___ are made mostly of spongy bone tissue, but their outer parts are made of a thin crust of compact bone tissue
Short bones
30
___ are "flat", platelike. They are thin and do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Flat bones
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The outer part of a flat bone is made of a layer of spongy bone tissue sandwiched between two layers of compact bone tissue.
Flat bones
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___ are all the weird-shaped bones that do not belong in any other category.
Irregular bones
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They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Irregular bones
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___ are made mostly of spongy bone tissue enclosed by a thin crust of compact bone tissue
Irregular bones
35
Divisions of the Skeletal System
1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton
36
It consists of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage
Axial skeleton
37
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull
Ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Rib cage
38
How many bones are in the head?
29
39
What are the 8 cranial bones?
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
40
These are articulations and joints where the bones come together.
Sutures of the Skull
41
A joining or connecting together loosely to allow motion between parts.
Articulations
42
Name the sutures of the skull
Coronal
Squamous
Saggital
Lambdoid
Occipitomastoid
43
It connects the occipital bone with the two parietal bones.
Lambdoid
44
The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.
Coronal
45
The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.
Coronal
46
When one of these sutures closes too early, the baby may have a flattened forehead on the side of the skull that closed early
anterior plagiocephaly
47
Suture may begin to fuse by the age of ___
24
48
Average Suture closes between the ages of ___
30 years old and 40 years old.
49
“arrow”. A dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.
Sagittal
50
This glides over the other during the passage of the child.
Sagittal
51
Acts as an expansion joint between the parietal and temporal bones.
Squamous
52
As the brain grows during infancy, the sutures allow the skull to grow and expand.
Squamous
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The cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.
Occipitomastoid
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It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture.
Occipitomastoid
55
Separate the two frontal bones at birth and is the first skull suture to close physiologically, starting as early as at 3 months and generally being completely fused at the age of 8 months.
Metopit
56
___ play an important role in the growth of brain and also for normal growth of the skull
Metopit sutures
57
Fourteen (14) facial bones
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Vomer (1)
58
The area that surrounds each eye and the nasal complex, which surrounds the nasal cavity. This includes the frontal bone, maxilla and lacrimal bone.
Orbital Complex
59
forms the roof of the facial bones
frontal bone
60
provides an orbital floor for the facial bones
Maxilla
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forms the inner wall of each orbit
Lacrimal bone
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This encloses the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavities.
Nasal Complex
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The 12 cranial bones
2 nasal
2 maxilla
2 palatine
lacrimal bones
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
1 frontal
1 vomer bones.
64
___ provide for muscle attachment; facial expressions; eating of food; help to separate nasal and oral cavities, house the sinuses and to protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems
The 14 facial bones
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___ function to protect the brain and entrance to the digestive and respiratory systems.
The 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones (totaled 22 head bones)
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functions to protect the larynx and provides attachment for our tongue to deliver for our ability for speech
Hyoid bone
67
the middle ear contains three tiny ear bones called the ___
Auditory ossicles
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The Auditory ossicles are composed of the:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
69
also called the "Hammer"
Malleus
70
also called the "Anvil"
Incus
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also called the "Stirrup"
Stapes
72
how many bones of the thorax?
25
73
how many true ribs?
7
74
these ribs join the sternum directly
true ribs
75
how many false ribs?
3
76
these ribs do not attach to the sternum directly
false ribs
77
how many floating ribs?
2
78
these ribs have NO attachment to the sternum
floating ribs
79
how many bones of the vertebral column?
26
80
parts of the vertebral column
7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
81
It comprises the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdles and pelvic girdles
Appendicular skeleton
82
To facilitate movement of the human body. Other functions are to provide shape to the arms and legs, as well as to maintain mineral homeostasis in the body.
Appendicular skeleton
83
Parts of the upper limbs
humerus 2
radius 2
ulna 2
carpals 16
metacarpals 10
phalanges 28
84
general layout of the hand bones
scaphoid lunate
trapezium pisiform
capitate tiquetral
trapezoid hamatate
metacarpal bones
proximal phalange
middle phalange (thumb and pinky bone do not have this)
distal phalange
85
parts of the lower limb
femur 2
patella 2
tibia 2
fibula 2
tarsals 14
metatarsals 10
phalanges 28
86
parts of the foot bone
calcaneus talus
navicular cuboid
medial intermediate lateral cuneiform bones
metatarsals
proximal middle distal phalanges
87
bones of the pectoral girdle
clavicle 2
scapula 2
88
bones of the pelvic girdle
coxal
innominate
hip 2
89
detailed bones of the pelvic girdle
ilium
iliac crest
ischium
asetabulum
pubis
90
is the central BONE core of the human body, housing and protecting its vital organs, consisting of 80 bones
Axial Skeleton
91
2 functions of the axial skeleton
support and protect the organs of the ventral and dorsal cavity
creates a surface for the attachment of muscles
92
these form new bones
osteoblasts
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dissolve old and damages bone
osteoclasts
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____ in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
Ossification (or osteogenesis)
95
the process of laying down new bone material by cells called ___
osteoblasts
96
It is synonymous with bone tissue formation
Ossification (or osteogenesis)
97
Bone consists of a dense compact and a spongy cancellous structure. Though compact bone forms an organized outer shell, cancellous bone consists of thin interlocking plates called ___
trabeculae
98
Osteoblasts emit a ___ that transforms immature osteoclasts into mature osteoclasts
cytokine
99
In a process called ___, mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing to remove existing bone tissue, then osteoclasts release chemicals that stimulate immature osteoblasts to mature and release osteoprotegerin
bone resorption
100
a protein that deactivates osteoclasts
osteoprotegerin
101
Mature osteoblasts deposits called ___
osteoid
102
a strong flexible protein called ___
collagen
103
___ and ___ crystallize or mineralize the osteoid
Calcium and phosphorus
104
Calcium and phosphorus crystallize or mineralize the osteoid then transform into sturdy ___ completing the bone formation process
hydroxyapatite crystals
105
___ hormone suppresses osteoclasts inhibiting resorption to help maintain bone strength
estrogen
106
After midlife, estrogen levels fall and osteoclasts activity exceeds bone formation so bones weaken resulting to ___
osteoporosis
107
when bone resorption exceeds bone formation
osteoporosis
108
Types of Ossification
1. Intramembranous Ossification
2. Endochondral Ossification
109
Forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane.
Intramembranous Ossification
110
Forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
Endochondral Ossification
111
It is where two or more bones come together or meet. Most ___ contain a single articulations. Each articulation contains the names of two bones (or sockets).
Articulations or Joints
112
Is where the acetabulum of a coxal bone articulates with the head of the femur.
Acetabulofemoral joint (Hip Joint):
113
other name for the Hip Joint
Acetabulofemoral joint
114
Is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.
Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
115
other name for the shoulder joint
Glenohumeral joint
116
articulation between the femur and tibia
tibiofemoral joint
117
articulation between the femur and patella
patellofemoral joint
118
articulation of the humerus and radius
humeroradial joint
119
articulation of the humerus and ulna
humeroulnar joint
120
the proximal articulation of the radius and the ulna
proximal radioulnar joint
121
General Types (Movement) of Joints
I. Functional joints
II. Structural joints
122
Types of functional joints
Synarthrosis (no mobility)
Amphiarthrosis (slight mobility)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
123
are fibrous joints (e.g. sutures of skull).
Synarthrosis (no mobility)
124
joints are cartilaginous (e.g. intervertebral disc).
Amphiarthrosis (slight mobility)
125
including all synovial joints.
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
126
types of Structural joints
1. Fibrous joint
2. Cartilaginous joint
3. Synovial joint
127
types of fibrous joints
1. Sutures
2. Gomphosis
3. Syndesmosis
128
according to the type of tissue that connects the bones to each other
Structural joints
129
bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.
Fibrous joint:
130
periosteum of articulating bones interdigitate making a very
stable joint, for example sutures of the skull
Sutures
131
joint between the teeth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla, it is held in place by the
periodontal ligaments
Gomphosis
132
located between two parallel articulating bones, they are
joined by a long fibrous membrane called the interosseous membrane
Syndesmosis
133
syndesmosis joints are joined by a long fibrous membrane called the ___
interosseous membrane
134
bones are joined by cartilage. Most of this type of joint allow for some movement, so they are amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous joint
135
2 types of cartilaginous joints
pubic symphysis
costal cartilage
136
bones are joined by a pad made of fibrocartilage like intervertebral discs
symphysis
137
bones have a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments
Synovial joint
138
Stages in the healing of a bone fracture
1. hematoma formation
2. fibrocartilage callus formation
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling
