Unit VIII

Question 1

This system ___ assists in circulating body fluids and helps defend the body against disease-causing agents.

Answer 1

lymphatic system

Question 2

The Lymphatics consists of the following:

Answer 2

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissue
Red bone marrow
Other lymphoid organs

Question 3

___ is a clear fluid, similar to both interstitial fluid and blood plasma

Answer 3

Lymph

Question 4

___ are small structures that work as filters for harmful substances.

Answer 4

Lymph nodes

Question 5

The body has between ___ lymph nodes (the number of nodes varies from individual to individual)

Answer 5

501 to 700

Question 6

About half of your lymph nodes are in the ___

Answer 6

middle of your body (stomach or abdominal cavity)

Question 7

The lymph nodes near your armpits and groin have about ___ nodes

Answer 7

100

Question 8

The lymph nodes near your ___ have about 100 nodes

Answer 8

armpits and groin

Question 9

these transport the lymph from interstitial fluid, back into the blood.

Answer 9

Lymphatic vessels

Question 10

The Structure of Lymphatic Vessels

Answer 10

Vessels have thinner walls than veins (same tunicas as veins)

Contains many valves, giving them a beaded appearance

Lymph nodes present at certain intervals

Small openings between endothelial cells allow for high permeability to large substances

Question 11

___ are thin-walled vessels structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph.

Answer 11

The lymphatic vessels

Question 12

The ___ is to prevent backflow of fluid, so that lymph eventually flows forward instead off falling backwards.

Answer 12

valves

Question 13

this is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes.

Answer 13

Lymphatic tissue

Question 14

the site where lymphocytes originate (from pluripotent stem cells).

Answer 14

Red bone marrow

Question 15

these are stem cells that can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body.

Answer 15

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 16

Red marrow is mainly found in the ___

Answer 16

flat bones (hip bone, sternum, skull, ribs, vertebrae, and shoulder blades)

Question 17

___ is found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones.

Answer 17

Yellow marrow

Question 18

Other lymphoid organs

Answer 18

Spleen
Thymus gland
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Appendix

Question 19

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and curls around the anterior aspect of the stomach.

Answer 19

Spleen

Question 20

Largest lymphatic organ.

Answer 20

Spleen

Question 21

Functions of the spleen

Answer 21

Site of lymphocyte production

Immune surveillance and response

Cleanses the blood of removing dead red blood cells

Question 22

The Life Cycle of the RBC

Answer 22

Macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs

Hemoglobin is broken down into heme (iron) and globin (protein)

Iron from heme returns to the red bone marrow

Bilirubin (brownish-yellow) and biliverdin (green pigment excreted in bile

Question 23

___ in spleen and liver destroy worn-out RBCs

Answer 23

Macrophages

Question 24

Hemoglobin is broken down into ___ and ___

Answer 24

heme (iron) and globin (protein)

Question 25

brownish-yellow pigment excreted in bile

Answer 25

Bilirubin

Question 26

green pigment excreted in bile

Answer 26

biliverdin

Question 27

this gland functions to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection.

Answer 27

Thymus gland

Question 28

hormones excreted by the thymus glands

Answer 28

thymosins

Question 29

hormone functions of thymosins

Answer 29

promote production and maturation of T Lymphocytes

Question 30

this traps and removes any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat

Answer 30

Tonsils

Question 31

these are small masses of lymphatic tissues found in the ileum of the small intestine.

Answer 31

Peyer’s Patches

Question 32

These capture and destroy bacteria, thereby preventing microbes from penetrating the intestinal wall.

Answer 32

Peyer’s Patches

Question 33

this contains lymphoid tissue that can destroy bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall during absorption.

Answer 33

Appendix

Question 34

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Answer 34

Fluid removal from interstitial spaces Fat Digestion and Absorption Immune cell transport

Question 35

Interstitial fluid accumulates in the tissues of which the main functions of the LS is to drain the excess fluid to prevent ___.

Answer 35

edema

Question 36

Amount of fluid that enters the interstitial spaces VS amount of fluid that flows back to the blood capillaries

Answer 36

30 L vs 27 L

Question 37

The remaining 3L of fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, where the fluid is called ___

Answer 37

lymph

Question 38

Fat Digestion and Absorption Process

Answer 38

Fat digestion and absorption begin slowly with some fats melting at body temperature in the mouth. -> The salivary gland releases, lingual lipase, an enzyme which has an active role in fat digestion. -> Muscle contraction moves stomach contents, breaking up the fat into small pieces or droplets. -> The presence of gastric contents stimulates the release of gastric lipase enzyme and fat is digested -> In the SI, the gallbladder releases bile acids with phospholipids for further emulsification. -> In the LI, bile that is trapped by dietary fibers (parts of foods the body can't digest or absorb) exits the body through elimination.

Question 39

The salivary gland releases ___, an enzyme which has an active role in fat digestion

Answer 39

lingual lipase

Question 40

The presence of gastric contents stimulates the release of ___ enzyme and fat is digested

Answer 40

gastric lipase

Question 41

A state of being protected against microbial invaders by virtue of being able to resist and overcome the harmful effects of these invaders.

Answer 41

Immunity

Question 42

2 types of immunity

Answer 42

Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity

Question 43

antibody-mediated immune responses

Answer 43

Humoral Immunity

Question 44

cell-mediated immune responses

Answer 44

Cellular Immunity

Question 45

immunity you developed during your life

Answer 45

Acquired Immunity

Question 46

immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or from getting a vaccine

Answer 46

Active Immunity

Question 47

antibodies made after exposure to an infection

Answer 47

Natural

Question 48

antibodies made after getting a vaccination

Answer 48

Artificial

Question 49

immunity you acquire from someone or something else

Answer 49

Passive Immunity

Question 50

antibodies transmitted from mother from mother to baby (from mother’s milk)

Answer 50

Natural

Question 51

antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine

Answer 51

Artificial

Question 52

___ immunity is a nonspecific defense mechanism that comes into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.

Answer 52

Innate immunity

Question 53

proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

Answer 53

Antibody

Question 54

___ is a protein on a foreign object that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies

Answer 54

Antigen

Question 55

___ is a toxin that triggers the immune response

Answer 55

virus bacteria