Unit 2 Flashcards
Who was John Wycliffe?
An English theologian and reformer in the 14th century who advocated for the translation of the Bible into English and criticized the Catholic Church’s wealth and corruption.
His followers were known as Lollards.
What did Jan Hus criticize?
The sale of indulgences and the corruption of the Catholic Church.
He was burned at the stake for heresy in 1415.
What was Erasmus known for?
A Dutch humanist and theologian who criticized the Catholic Church’s corruption and called for reform, influencing Martin Luther.
He advocated for the study of classical texts and the use of reason in religion.
What were the main critiques of the Catholic Church leading up to the Reformation?
Corruption, clerical celibacy, papal authority, sale of church offices, and the use of Latin in services.
These issues contributed to widespread dissatisfaction with the Church.
What economic changes occurred during the Age of Reformations?
Increased international trade, rise of capitalism, development of new banking systems, and growth of industries like textiles and shipbuilding.
The Protestant Reformation played a significant role in these economic changes.
What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?
It ended the Thirty Years’ War and established the principle of state sovereignty in Europe.
This peace treaty recognized the independence of several states and granted religious freedoms.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk and theologian who sparked the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church.
He emphasized faith and the Bible, translating the Bible into German.
What is John Calvin known for?
A French theologian who wrote ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’ and promoted the doctrine of predestination.
He established a theocratic government in Geneva.
List the five key beliefs of Protestantism.
- Sola Scriptura
- Sola Fide
- Sola Gratia
- Priesthood of all believers
- Justification by faith
What was the outcome of the German Peasants’ War?
A peasants’ uprising that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the suppression of the rebellion.
It was led by radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A decree that granted religious toleration to Huguenots and ended the French Wars of Religion in 1598.
It marked a significant moment of compromise between Catholics and Protestants.
What was the Catholic Reformation?
A period of Catholic revival aimed at addressing criticisms of the Church and reasserting its authority in response to the Protestant Reformation.
It is also known as the Counter-Reformation.
Who called the Council of Trent?
Pope Paul III.
This council was a key event in the Catholic Reformation.
Fill in the blank: The _______ emphasized the importance of personal prayer and devotion during the Catholic Reformation.
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
What was the principle established by the Peace of Augsburg?
‘Cuius regio, eius religio’ (whose realm, his religion).
This allowed princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism as the official religion.
What led to the rise of nation-states during the Age of Reformations?
The decline of feudalism and the rise of centralized monarchies.
Nation-states became dominant political entities in Europe.
True or False: The Protestant Reformation had no impact on the political landscape of Europe.
False.
It led to significant political changes and conflicts.
What was the significance of the Thirty Years’ War?
A major religious conflict that involved most European powers and resulted in widespread devastation and political change.
It ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
Who called the Council of Trent?
Pope Paul III
The Council of Trent was a key event in the Catholic Reformation.
What religious order did St. Ignatius of Loyola found?
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
The Jesuits became an important force in the Catholic Church.
What was the primary focus of St. Teresa of Avila’s reforms?
Personal prayer and devotion
St. Teresa emphasized the importance of spiritual practices in the Carmelite order.
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
Address criticisms of the Catholic Church and reaffirm teachings
The council also established seminaries and banned the sale of indulgences.
When was the Council of Trent held?
1545-1563
What significant event occurred in 1540 related to the Catholic Church?
Establishment of the Jesuits
