Unit 4

Question 1

What does Humanism emphasize?

Answer 1

The value and agency of human beings, importance of reason and critical thinking, rejection of supernatural explanations.

Humanism focuses on naturalistic approaches.

Question 2

What is Individualism?

Answer 2

The importance of individual autonomy and self-reliance, values personal achievement and self-expression, rejects conformity and groupthink.

Question 3

Define Intellectualism.

Answer 3

Emphasizes the importance of knowledge and education, values critical thinking and rational inquiry, rejects dogma and superstition.

Question 4

When did the Enlightenment occur?

Answer 4

In the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question 5

What key idea did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize regarding Reason?

Answer 5

Reason was the key to understanding the world and solving its problems.

Question 6

What does the concept of Progress entail in the Enlightenment?

Answer 6

The belief that society could be improved through reason and scientific progress.

Question 7

Who is John Locke?

Answer 7

An English philosopher who emphasized individual rights and argued that government should be based on the consent of the governed.

Question 8

What did Voltaire champion?

Answer 8

Freedom of speech and religious tolerance, criticized abuses of the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

Question 9

What is the significance of the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 9

A period of new ideas and knowledge in physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry from the 16th to the 18th century.

Question 10

Who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system?

Answer 10

Nicolaus Copernicus.

Question 11

What major contribution did Galileo Galilei make?

Answer 11

Important discoveries in physics and astronomy, including the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus.

Question 12

What is Empiricism?

Answer 12

The idea that knowledge comes from observation and experience.

Question 13

What does the Scientific Method involve?

Answer 13

A systematic approach that includes observations, formulating hypotheses, testing through experimentation, and drawing conclusions.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a systematic approach to scientific inquiry.

Answer 14

scientific method

Question 15

What important discovery did William Harvey make?

Answer 15

That blood circulates through the body in a closed system.

Question 16

Who is considered the father of modern anatomy?

Answer 16

Andreas Vesalius.

Question 17

What was the role of public venues during the Enlightenment?

Answer 17

Places for intellectuals and the public to exchange ideas about politics, philosophy, and science.

Question 18

What role did print media play in the Enlightenment?

Answer 18

Crucial in spreading Enlightenment ideas through books, newspapers, and pamphlets.

Question 19

What was the impact of the Enlightenment on commoners?

Answer 19

Commoners played a significant role in spreading ideas, participating in public discussions, and driving the French Revolution.

Question 20

What is the Social Contract?

Answer 20

The idea that individuals agree to give up some natural rights in exchange for protection by the government.

Question 21

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?

Answer 21

Equal rights for women, including education and participation in politics.

Question 22

What is Physiocracy?

Answer 22

An economic theory emphasizing that a nation’s wealth comes from land productivity and advocating for free trade.

Question 23

What did Adam Smith argue in ‘The Wealth of Nations’?

Answer 23

Emphasized individual freedom, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy.

Question 24

What is Deism?

Answer 24

The belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its workings.

Question 25

What was a major advancement in medicine during the 18th century?

Answer 25

Development of vaccination against smallpox by Edward Jenner.

Question 26

What contributed to population growth in the 18th century?

Answer 26

Decline in mortality rates, agricultural revolution, and growth of trade and commerce.

Question 27

Who discovered oxygen in 1774?

Answer 27

Joseph Priestley.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a precursor to modern chemistry.

Answer 28

alchemy

Question 29

What is the significance of the Royal Society?

Answer 29

Played a key role in the advancement of science during the Scientific Revolution.

Question 30

What did Montesquieu advocate regarding government?

Answer 30

Separation of powers to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Question 31

What significant advancement in surgery occurred in the 18th century?

Answer 31

The use of anesthesia and antiseptic techniques ## Footnote William Morton demonstrated ether as an anesthetic in 1846, revolutionizing surgery.

Question 32

Which drugs were developed in the 18th century for medical treatment?

Answer 32

* Quinine for malaria * Digitalis for heart conditions * Opium as a painkiller

Question 33

What new farming techniques were introduced during the Agricultural Revolution?

Answer 33

* Crop rotation * Selective breeding of livestock * Use of fertilizers

Question 34

What was the Enclosure movement?

Answer 34

A process of fencing off common lands and converting them into private property

Question 35

What was one major outcome of the Agricultural Revolution?

Answer 35

A significant increase in food production

Question 36

What demographic change occurred in Europe during the 18th century due to improved living conditions?

Answer 36

Population growth

Question 37

How did the Agricultural Revolution contribute to urbanization?

Answer 37

People moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work

Question 38

What impact did the Agricultural Revolution have on the European economy?

Answer 38

Increased trade and commerce, fueling the Industrial Revolution

Question 39

What were some factors contributing to urbanization in 18th century Europe?

Answer 39

* Industrialization * Population growth * Agricultural changes

Question 40

Which social classes emerged due to the growth of cities in the 18th century?

Answer 40

* Bourgeoisie * Working class

Question 41

What developments facilitated the movement of goods and people between cities?

Answer 41

The development of transportation systems such as canals and roads

Question 42

What negative effects did urbanization have during the 18th century?

Answer 42

* Overcrowding * Poor living conditions * Spread of diseases

Question 43

How did governments respond to the issues caused by urbanization?

Answer 43

By implementing urban planning and public health measures

Question 44

What literary form became popular in the 18th century?

Answer 44

The novel

Question 45

Name two significant authors from the Enlightenment movement.

Answer 45

* Voltaire * Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 46

Which musical period continued to dominate music in the 18th century?

Answer 46

The Baroque period

Question 47

Who were two prominent composers of the Classical period that emerged in the late 18th century?

Answer 47

* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart * Ludwig van Beethoven

Question 48

What characterized the Rococo art style?

Answer 48

Ornate and decorative designs

Question 49

What new art style emerged towards the end of the 18th century?

Answer 49

Neoclassical style

Question 50

Describe the fashion trends of the 18th century.

Answer 50

Elaborate and ornate, with men wearing powdered wigs and women wearing corsets and voluminous dresses

Question 51

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on clothing?

Answer 51

Advancements in textile production made clothing more affordable and accessible

Question 52

What was Prussia's status in Europe during the 18th century?

Answer 52

A small state that emerged as a major power

Question 53

Who were the key rulers that contributed to the rise of Prussia?

Answer 53

* Frederick William I * Frederick II (Frederick the Great)

Question 54

What military reforms did Frederick William I implement?

Answer 54

Created a powerful army and imposed strict discipline on subjects

Question 55

What significant wars did Frederick II engage in to expand Prussia's territory?

Answer 55

* War of the Austrian Succession * Seven Years' War

Question 56

What was the impact of Prussia's rise on European politics?

Answer 56

Helped to shape the balance of power in Europe

Question 57

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

Answer 57

French military and political leader who became emperor and conquered much of Europe

Question 58

What reforms did Napoleon implement?

Answer 58

Known as the Napoleonic Code

Question 59

Who was Maria Theresa of Austria?

Answer 59

Archduchess of Austria known for reforms in education, agriculture, and military

Question 60

What was Joseph II of Austria known for?

Answer 60

Implemented reforms aimed at modernizing and centralizing the government

Question 61

What significant reforms did Frederick William I of Prussia promote?

Answer 61

* Military reforms * Compulsory education * Growth of industry and agriculture

Question 62

Who was Catherine the Great of Russia?

Answer 62

Empress known for expanding territory and implementing reforms