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AP Euro > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is industrialization?

A

A period of rapid economic growth and technological advancement that occurred in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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2
Q

What characterized industrialization?

A

Shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing, development of new technologies, and growth of factories and urban centers.

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3
Q

Where did the industrial revolution begin?

A

Britain in the mid-18th century.

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4
Q

Name three inventions that revolutionized the textile industry.

A
  • Spinning jenny
  • Power loom
  • Cotton gin
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5
Q

What social changes did industrialization lead to?

A
  • Rise of the working class
  • Growth of urban poverty
  • Emergence of trade unions and socialist movements
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6
Q

What was a significant environmental impact of industrialization?

A

Pollution and depletion of natural resources.

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7
Q

What does mechanization refer to?

A

Use of machines to perform tasks that were previously done by hand.

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8
Q

Which industry was the first to be mechanized?

A

The textile industry.

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9
Q

What does urbanization refer to?

A

The process of people moving from rural areas to cities.

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10
Q

What was the initial government approach to industrialization?

A

Laissez-faire, allowing businesses to operate with minimal regulation.

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11
Q

What actions did governments take as industrialization progressed?

A
  • Passed labor laws to protect workers
  • Implemented tariffs and trade barriers
  • Established welfare programs
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12
Q

Who were the Luddites?

A

A group of English textile workers who protested against new machinery during the Industrial Revolution.

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13
Q

What was the impact of the steam engine?

A

Revolutionized transportation and increased efficiency in factories.

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14
Q

What was the Bessemer Process?

A

A method that revolutionized steel production and increased construction and manufacturing capabilities.

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15
Q

What were the agrarian consequences of industrialization?

A
  • Urbanization
  • Mechanization
  • Specialization
  • Land consolidation
  • Environmental impact
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16
Q

What characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?

A

A period of rapid industrialization and innovation from the late 19th century to early 20th century.

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17
Q

Name two inventions from the Second Industrial Revolution.

A
  • Telephone
  • Light Bulb
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18
Q

What is mass production?

A

Manufacturing of goods on a large scale using standardized processes and machinery.

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19
Q

What does mass leisure refer to?

A

The availability of leisure activities and entertainment to a large segment of the population.

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20
Q

What is the socioeconomic class structure during industrialization?

A
  • Upper Class
  • Middle Class
  • Working Class
  • Underclass
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21
Q

What is the Cult of Domesticity?

A

A cultural ideology that idealized women’s role in the home and family during the 19th century.

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22
Q

What was the dominant family form during the Industrial Revolution?

A

The nuclear family, consisting of parents and their children.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The industrial revolution began in _______.

A

Britain

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24
Q

True or False: The Industrial Revolution had no significant impact on the environment.

A

False

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25
What was the nuclear family characterized by during the Industrial Age in Europe?
The nuclear family became more child-centered, with parents investing more time and resources in their children's education and upbringing.
26
What economic condition was necessary for a nuclear family to be accessible?
A certain level of economic stability and social status.
27
What challenges did working-class families face during the Industrial Age?
They often lived in cramped and unsanitary conditions, with little privacy or space for children to play.
28
How did the nuclear family reinforce gender roles?
Women were confined to the domestic sphere, while men were the breadwinners.
29
What did reform movements during the Industrial Age seek to address?
They sought to improve working conditions, protect workers' rights, and promote social justice.
30
What was one of the earliest reform movements in the Industrial Age?
The Luddites, who protested against the use of machines in the textile industry.
31
What was the purpose of the Factory Acts passed by the British government?
To regulate working conditions in factories and restrict child labor.
32
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A series of meetings held in 1815 to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
33
What were the three main objectives of the Congress of Vienna?
* Restore monarchies * Establish a system of collective security * Create a new system of international relations
34
What was the Concert of Europe?
A system of international relations based on collective security and cooperation among major European powers.
35
What were key features of the Concert of Europe?
* Regular meetings between powers * Use of diplomacy to resolve conflicts * Establishment of alliances and treaties * Recognition of national sovereignty
36
Who were the main representatives at the Congress of Vienna?
* Metternich (Austria) * Alexander I (Russia) * Talleyrand (France) * Castlereagh (England) * Hardenberg (Prussia)
37
What triggered the Revolutions of 1830?
Demands for constitutional reforms and greater political participation.
38
What were the outcomes of the Revolutions of 1848?
They were largely unsuccessful, with most monarchies remaining in power.
39
What was the Paris Commune of 1871?
A socialist government established in Paris that was ultimately suppressed by the French government.
40
What was the Greek War of Independence?
A conflict from 1821 to 1832 for Greece to establish an independent state from Ottoman rule.
41
What was the significance of the Decembrist Revolt in Russia?
It was the first organized challenge to the autocratic rule of the Tsars.
42
What was the primary goal of the Polish Rebellions?
To achieve independence from Russian rule.
43
What major reforms did Peter the Great introduce?
* Establishment of a navy * Introduction of Western-style clothing * Creation of the Table of Ranks
44
What was the Charter to the Nobility introduced by Catherine the Great?
It granted landowners more power and autonomy.
45
What significant reform did Alexander II implement?
The abolition of serfdom.
46
What is nationalism?
The belief that one's nation is superior and should have its own independent state.
47
What does socialism advocate for?
Means of production should be owned and controlled by the workers.
48
What is communism?
A form of socialism advocating for the abolition of private property and a classless society.
49
Who were prominent advocates of socialism?
* Karl Marx * Friedrich Engels
50
What was the aim of the abolitionist movement?
To end the slave trade and slavery itself.
51
What was the focus of the women's suffrage movement in the 19th century?
Campaigning for the right to vote and greater legal and economic rights.
52
What political party is known as the Tories?
The Conservative Party in Great Britain.
53
What is the main belief of the Liberal Party in Great Britain?
Individual freedom and social justice.
54
What is the German Social Democratic Party (SPD)?
The oldest political party in Germany, advocating for social democracy and workers' rights.
55
What was the British Labour Party's origin?
It grew out of the trade union movement and the Fabian Society.
56
What was the Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDLP)?
The first Marxist political party in Russia, which split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
57
What was the Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDLP)?
Founded in 1898, it was the first Marxist political party in Russia.
58
Who were the two factions that emerged from the RSDLP in 1903?
* Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin * Mensheviks led by Julius Martov
59
What did the Bolsheviks rename themselves after gaining control of the RSDLP?
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
60
What significant role did the RSDLP play in 1917?
It played a significant role in the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union.
61
What caused overcrowding in cities during industrialization?
The rapid growth of the population seeking work.
62
What were the consequences of lack of sanitation in industrial cities?
* Spread of diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever * Sewage flowing into streets and rivers
63
What reforms were introduced in response to poor public health conditions?
* Construction of sewage systems * Provision of clean water * Establishment of public health boards
64
What impact did public health reforms have on diseases?
They led to a decline in waterborne diseases such as cholera.
65
What social issues contributed to the rise in crime during industrialization?
* Overcrowding * Poverty * Social dislocation
66
What types of crimes became more common during this period?
* Theft * Burglary * Pickpocketing * Violent crimes such as assault and murder
67
How did the justice system respond to the increase in crime?
It was overwhelmed, leading to ineffective punishment for criminals.
68
What new forms of crime emerged due to industrialization?
* White-collar crime, including fraud and embezzlement
69
What shift occurred in the economy due to industrialization?
A shift from an agrarian-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy.
70
What were the consequences of increased productivity from industrialization?
* Economic growth * Rise of capitalism * Emergence of the middle class
71
What was the focus of public education systems established during industrialization?
* Practical skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic * Vocational training
72
Who had limited access to education during this period?
It was often limited to the middle and upper classes.
73
What initiative aimed at boosting economic growth in the north of England?
The Great British Powerhouse.
74
Who launched the Great British Powerhouse initiative?
George Osborne in 2014.
75
What are the main objectives of the Great British Powerhouse?
* Create a northern powerhouse * Create jobs and boost economic growth * Improve transport links * Attract investment
76
What are some criticisms of the Great British Powerhouse initiative?
* Slow to deliver results * Neglect of housing and healthcare * Limited devolution of powers
77
What social class emerged due to the Industrial Revolution?
The working class.
78
What characterized the working class during the Industrial Revolution?
* Low wages * Long hours * Poor living conditions
79
What movements did the working class become involved in?
* Labor unions * Political movements like socialism and communism
80
What significant events did the working class contribute to in 1848?
The revolutions that led to the establishment of democratic governments.
81
What ongoing struggles does the working class face today?
Their struggles continue to shape the political and economic landscape.

AP Euro (10 decks)

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