Unit 5

Question 1

What were the main drivers of economic expansion in the 18th century?

Answer 1

The main drivers were:
* Growth of trade
* Development of new technologies
* Rise of colonialism

The expansion was facilitated by new trade routes and the establishment of colonies that provided markets and resources.

Question 2

How did new technologies contribute to economic expansion in the 18th century?

Answer 2

New technologies, such as the steam engine and the spinning jenny, increased productivity and efficiency in manufacturing.

These inventions revolutionized production methods and contributed to industrial growth.

Question 3

What impact did colonialism have on economic expansion in the 18th century?

Answer 3

Colonialism provided European powers with new markets and sources of raw materials.

Colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia were crucial for economic growth.

Question 4

What social changes occurred due to economic expansion in the 18th century?

Answer 4

The economic expansion led to:
* Growth of the middle class
* Increased urbanization
* Industrialization

These changes transformed social structures across Europe.

Question 5

What were the negative consequences of economic expansion in the 18th century?

Answer 5

Negative consequences included:
* Exploitation of colonial peoples
* Widening gap between rich and poor

Economic growth often came at the expense of marginalized populations.

Question 6

What characterized the rise of absolute monarchies in 18th-century Europe?

Answer 6

Absolute monarchies were characterized by monarchs having complete control over their countries without accountability.

This led to centralized power and often oppressive governance.

Question 7

What was the Enlightenment and its impact on politics during the 18th century?

Answer 7

The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that emphasized reason and individualism, challenging traditional authority and promoting democracy.

Enlightenment thinkers advocated for individual rights and questioned monarchic power.

Question 8

What was the Seven Years’ War and its significance?

Answer 8

The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) was a major conflict involving most great powers, ending with Britain emerging as the dominant colonial power.

It reshaped global colonial holdings and power dynamics.

Question 9

What was the French Revolution?

Answer 9

The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period of radical upheaval leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic.

It resulted in significant political and social changes in France and influenced revolutions worldwide.

Question 10

What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?

Answer 10

The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore stability and order in Europe after the upheavals of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

It established a new balance of power that lasted until World War I.

Question 11

Define Rationalism.

Answer 11

Rationalism is the belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge and truth, rather than tradition or authority.

Rationalists believed that through reason, humans could understand the world and progress.

Question 12

Define Empiricism.

Answer 12

Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from experience and observation, emphasizing the scientific method.

Empiricists rejected innate ideas and divine revelation as sources of knowledge.

Question 13

What is Secularism?

Answer 13

Secularism is the belief that religion should not dominate society or government.

Many Enlightenment thinkers advocated for a separation of church and state.

Question 14

What is Individualism?

Answer 14

Individualism emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms.

Enlightenment thinkers stressed the need for governments to protect these rights.

Question 15

What is Humanism?

Answer 15

Humanism is the belief in the inherent value and dignity of human beings, emphasizing potential for progress and improvement.

Humanists rejected views of humans as inherently sinful.

Question 16

What drove the growth of global market economies in the 18th century?

Answer 16

The growth was driven by:
* Expansion of trade networks
* Rise of colonialism
* Development of new technologies

These factors fueled economic growth and social changes.

Question 17

What were the social implications of population growth in 18th-century Europe?

Answer 17

Population growth resulted in:
* Increased urbanization
* Emergence of a new middle class

It was not evenly distributed, affecting regions differently.

Question 18

What significant changes occurred in production and industry during the 18th century?

Answer 18

The 18th century saw:
* The beginning of the Industrial Revolution
* New inventions like the steam engine and spinning jenny

These changes led to increased productivity and the rise of capitalism.

Question 19

What was the Transatlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 19

A forced migration system transporting millions of Africans to the Americas, lasting from the 16th to 19th century.

It involved brutal conditions and had profound impacts on societies.

Question 20

What was the Commercial Revolution?

Answer 20

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism from the 16th to 18th century characterized by:
* Growth of international trade
* Rise of capitalism
* Emergence of new financial institutions

It contributed to the expansion of the middle class and colonial empires.

Question 21

What was the Price Revolution?

Answer 21

A period of inflation in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries caused by an influx of gold and silver from the New World.

It led to social unrest and economic instability.

Question 22

What innovations in finance occurred during the 18th century?

Answer 22

Innovations included:
* Establishment of modern banking systems
* Emergence of stock markets
* Increased use of paper money

These developments facilitated economic growth.

Question 23

What characterized the commercial rivalry in the 18th century?

Answer 23

Intense rivalry among European powers, particularly Britain, France, and the Netherlands, driven by:
* Desire to control trade routes
* Establish colonies in the New World and Asia

This rivalry led to significant conflicts and shaped global power dynamics.

Question 24

What was the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 24

A political and religious conflict in England that resulted in the overthrow of James II and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

It marked the triumph of English Protestantism over Catholicism.

Question 25

What was the British East India Company?

Answer 25

Established in 1600, it became the dominant power in India by the mid-18th century, facilitating British trade and colonial expansion. ## Footnote It played a crucial role in the establishment of British colonial rule in India.

Question 26

What were the causes of the American Revolution?

Answer 26

Causes included: * Taxation without representation * Proclamation of 1763 * Boston Massacre * Intolerable Acts ## Footnote These events fueled discontent and calls for independence.

Question 27

What was the significance of the Declaration of Independence?

Answer 27

Adopted in 1776, it declared the thirteen colonies independent from British rule, marking a pivotal moment in the American Revolution. ## Footnote It laid the foundation for the United States' political system.

Question 28

What were the consequences of the American Revolution?

Answer 28

Consequences included: * Treaty of Paris recognizing U.S. independence * Constitutional Convention in 1787 * Inspiration for other revolutions ## Footnote The revolution had lasting global effects.

Question 29

What economic crisis contributed to the French Revolution?

Answer 29

A severe economic crisis caused by years of war and overspending by the monarchy, leading to government debt and an inefficient tax system. ## Footnote This crisis disproportionately affected the poor and middle classes.

Question 30

What social inequality existed in France prior to the French Revolution?

Answer 30

French society was divided into three estates, with clergy and nobility enjoying privileges while common people faced poverty and oppression. ## Footnote This inequality was a major factor leading to revolutionary sentiments.

Question 31

What was a major cause of the French Revolution related to the economy?

Answer 31

Economic crisis due to years of war and overspending by the monarchy ## Footnote The government was heavily in debt, and the tax system was inefficient and unfair.

Question 32

How was French society structured before the French Revolution?

Answer 32

Divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and common people ## Footnote The First Estate was the clergy, the Second Estate was the nobility, and the Third Estate consisted of common people.

Question 33

What philosophical movement influenced the French Revolution?

Answer 33

Enlightenment ## Footnote It emphasized reason, liberty, and equality, inspiring challenges to traditional authority.

Question 34

Who formed the National Assembly and why?

Answer 34

The Third Estate formed it to represent the common people and draft a new constitution ## Footnote They broke away from the Estates-General.

Question 35

What significant event is represented by the Tennis Court Oath?

Answer 35

The assertion of power by the common people ## Footnote It marked the first open defiance against King Louis XVI.

Question 36

What role did women play in the French Revolution?

Answer 36

Active in protests and political clubs despite exclusion from formal political rights ## Footnote They demanded rights and participated in significant events like the Women's March on Versailles.

Question 37

What was the National Assembly's declaration that established key revolutionary principles?

Answer 37

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ## Footnote It proclaimed equality and natural rights.

Question 38

What was the Reign of Terror?

Answer 38

A period of political repression and mass executions led by the Committee of Public Safety ## Footnote It lasted from 1793 to 1794.

Question 39

What was the Directory?

Answer 39

A moderate government following the Reign of Terror marked by instability ## Footnote It lasted from 1795 to 1799 and was eventually overthrown by Napoleon.

Question 40

What was the impact of the French Revolution on the monarchy?

Answer 40

Marked the end of the Ancien Régime and the establishment of a republic ## Footnote The monarchy was abolished.

Question 41

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

Answer 41

A leader of the Haitian Revolution and former slave who became a military commander ## Footnote He played a crucial role in organizing the rebellion.

Question 42

What was Napoleon's legal code known as?

Answer 42

Napoleonic Code ## Footnote It established principles of equality before the law and abolished feudalism.

Question 43

What marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall?

Answer 43

Defeat in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 ## Footnote This led to his abdication and exile.

Question 44

What was the Hundred Days' War?

Answer 44

A conflict between Napoleon and the Seventh Coalition from March to July 1815 ## Footnote It ended with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 45

What movement emphasized reason and individualism in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Answer 45

The Enlightenment ## Footnote It challenged traditional authority and advocated for political and social reforms.

Question 46

What is liberalism?

Answer 46

A political ideology emphasizing individual rights and limited government ## Footnote It emerged in the late 18th century.

Question 47

What is socialism?

Answer 47

A political ideology advocating collective ownership and control of production ## Footnote It emerged as a response to industrialization issues.

Question 48

What political ideology emerged in the late 18th century emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and free markets?

Answer 48

Liberalism ## Footnote Key thinkers include John Locke and Adam Smith.

Question 49

Which political ideology emerged in the early 19th century as a response to the problems of industrialization?

Answer 49

Socialism ## Footnote Key thinkers include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 50

What did socialist thinkers argue about capitalism?

Answer 50

Capitalism was inherently exploitative ## Footnote They believed a socialist revolution was necessary for a just society.

Question 51

What belief system emphasizes a distant, non-interventionist God?

Answer 51

Deism ## Footnote Gained popularity among intellectuals during the Enlightenment.

Question 52

What movement emphasized emotional conversion experiences and personal piety in the 18th century?

Answer 52

The Great Awakening ## Footnote It swept through Britain and its American colonies.

Question 53

What revolution was marked by groundbreaking discoveries in astronomy, physics, and biology?

Answer 53

The Scientific Revolution ## Footnote It challenged traditional beliefs and led to new ways of thinking.

Question 54

Name two significant technological advancements from the Scientific Revolution.

Answer 54

* Microscope * Telescope ## Footnote These tools allowed for more accurate observations.

Question 55

What was a significant cultural movement that emerged in Europe in the late 18th century?

Answer 55

Romanticism ## Footnote Lasted until the mid-19th century and reacted against Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.

Question 56

What themes did Romantic literature often explore?

Answer 56

* Emotion * Individualism * Nature * Imagination ## Footnote It emphasized feelings over reason.

Question 57

Who are some major writers associated with Romantic literature?

Answer 57

* William Wordsworth * Samuel Taylor Coleridge * Percy Bysshe Shelley * John Keats ## Footnote Each writer had unique themes and styles.

Question 58

What political changes occurred in Europe during the late 18th century?

Answer 58

* Enlightenment ideas challenged traditional beliefs * American and French Revolutions occurred * Emergence of nationalism ## Footnote These changes influenced new forms of government.

Question 59

What remained the dominant religion in Europe during the 18th century?

Answer 59

Christianity ## Footnote The Catholic Church held significant power and influence.

Question 60

Fill in the blank: Romanticism celebrated the beauty of _______.

Answer 60

nature ## Footnote It emphasized emotion and imagination.

Question 61

What characterized Romantic art?

Answer 61

* Focus on emotion * Depictions of nature and the supernatural * Exploration of themes like love and death ## Footnote Influenced later art movements.

Question 62

True or False: The aristocracy lost its power during the 18th century.

Answer 62

False ## Footnote The aristocracy remained a powerful social class.

Question 63

What economic activity remained primary in most European states during the 18th century?

Answer 63

Agriculture ## Footnote Most of the population lived in rural areas and worked on farms.

Question 64

What did Romanticism express a desire for?

Answer 64

Freedom and individual rights ## Footnote It had political implications in addition to cultural ones.