unit 3

Question 0

the central pacific, who? what?

Answer 0

The big Four: Leland Stanford, Charley Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington
-Stanford became governor of CA, senator, and founded Stanford University

Question 1

the transcontinental RR

Answer 1

pacific railway act: construction of a trans RR by 2 corporations
-competition between the 2 companies as each raced to obtain as much land as they could

Question 2

The last spike who? what? effects?

Answer 2

• completed the RR in 4 years
• 5/10/1689: spectators gathered at Promotory Summit, Utah, to watch the hammer of 5 gold and silver spikes to join Union Pacific RR and Central Pacific RR
• led to disappearance of many Natives
• wipes out the buffalos

Question 3

What were RR effects

Answer 3

• spur growth in markets for productions, stimulated economy by spending $ on steel, coal, timber
• 4 time zones were established
• invention of air brakes(allowed stops for longer and heavier trains)

Question 4

The dakota sioux uprising? treaty?

Answer 4

• uprising in Minnesota
• Sioux agreed to live on a reservation in exchange for annuities (annual payments from gov), but annuities never reached them which resulted in poverty
• fort laramie treaty 1851: US said territory was the natives but then went back on word

Question 5

Sand Creek Massacre

Answer 5

miners v Cheyenne and Arapajo

• waited to negotiate at Sand Creek
• because of indians hostility and destruction, the miners did not allow peace

Question 6

red clouds war

Answer 6

• warriors wiped out a whole military unit (aka the frettermans massacre)
• army abandoned post along trail

Question 7

battle of little big horn

Answer 7

• prospectors overran lakota sioux reservation in dakota territory to mine gold
• gov sent general Alfred H and Colonel George A Custer: launched an attack on Native American warriors
• all natives killed but 1
• army stepped up campaign against natives in plains

Question 8

Tragedy at Wounded Knee

Answer 8

• Lakota continued to perform Ghost Dance (against gov law), that hoped for a day when settlers would disappear and buffalo would return
• chief Sitting Bull was killed by police
• Fled to wounded knee creek where shots were fired

Question 9

citizenship act

Answer 9

all natives are citizens

Question 10

The dawes Act 1877

Answer 10

said natives should assimilate (absorb into american society as landowners and citizens).

• The Carlisle indian school: taught indians house to behave like white men
• allotments were provided (divided reservations)
• allotted each head of a house 160 acres. The land that remained would be sold to settlers in which the $ went to natives. They had to stay for 25 years.
• failed

Question 11

indian reorganization act

Answer 11

restored reservations lands, gave natives control over it, elected a tribal gov

Question 12

boomtown to ghostowm

Answer 12

-when gold was gone people left boomtowns abandoned

Question 13

hydraulic mining? problems? ole breaker mining? results?

Answer 13

high powered water to wash away hillsides

• caused floods, blocked rivers, contaminated water with quicksilver
• OB: breaks up huge boulders
• natives pushed aside, buffalos decline
• sluice box mining

Question 14

cattle herding? inventions?

Answer 14

cowboy: herded cattle to RR terminals to be sent to cow towns
- RR made the cattle herding business prosper
- oversupply drew prices down so individuals created their own slaughterhouses
- barbed wire was invented

Question 15

homestead act

Answer 15

• gave 160 acres to individuals that promised to stay and work the land for 5 years and pay a small fee.
• made many families travel West

Question 16

industrialization? GNP? Natural resources? workforce?

Answer 16

• after the war many abandoned their farms and went to work at factories and mines
• the gross national product GNP: total value of all goods and services that a country produces
• natural resources: timber, coal, iron, copper (didnt need to rely on imports anymore). resources in West were taken to factories in East by RR
• petroleum: oil industry was built on: could be turned into kerosene for lanterns and stoves
• large workforce because population tripled: large families, flood of immigrants (chinese and european)

Question 17

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 17

invented the telephone

Question 18

Edison and Westinghouse

Answer 18

• Thomas Edison: invented phonograph, lightbulb, battery, motion picture. started supplying electricity to NYC
• George Westinghouse: invented air brake system for RR. lit city with Niagara falls power to generate electricity

Question 19

laissez-faire

Answer 19

“let people do as they choose” , believed gov should not interfere with economy other than protect property rights and maintain peace. relies on supply and demand to regulate wages and prices. supports low taxes and limited gov debt. entrepreneurs: people who risk their capital to organize and run businesses

Question 21

big business? corporations? stock? pools?

Answer 21

corp: orgs owned by many people, acknowledged by law as if owned by 1 individual
stock: shares of ownership
pools: agreements to keep prices at a certain level-not succesfful

Question 22

robber barons

Answer 22

the great wealth many aquired let to accustations that they had cheated tax payers, bribed officials, and cheated on their contracts and debts
-some members began bribing members of congress for more land

Question 23

most famous robber baron in RR industry

Answer 23

Jay Gould: famous for manipulating stock as a corrupt RR owner

Question 24

the great Northern RR

Answer 24

built and operation by James J Hill

-built without any federal grants

Question 25

andrew carnegie and steel? vertical integration?

Answer 25

- became pres of Penn. RR - bought shares in iron mills and factories and rr bridges - began vertical integration: owns all of the different businesses on which it depends on its operation

Question 26

rockefeller and standard oil? horizontal integration? monopoly?

Answer 26

- horizontal integration: combining firms in the same business into 1 large corp - built oil refineries - controlled about 90% of oil industry in US - monopoly: when a single company achieves control of an entire market

Question 27

new business organizations? trusts? holding companies?

Answer 27

- many states made it illegal for 1 company to own stock in another company - trusts: new way of business that did not violate such laws, a legal arrangement that allows one person to manage anothers property (trustee) - holding co: does not produce anything itself, but owns the stock of companies that do, so they can merge their companies

Question 28

JP Morgan and investment banking

Answer 28

- most successful - specialized in helping companies issue stock - founded the US steel co

Question 29

unions? techniques to stop?

Answer 29

- united all workers in a particular industry - techniques to stop: required workers to take oaths to not join, detectives to ID union organizers, people who were in were fired and placed on blacklist - used lockouts: lock workers out of property and refused to pay them

Question 30

Karl Marx

Answer 30

- developed Marxism - argued that the class system was shaping a capitalist society - believed workers would eventually revolt and overthrow the government - claimed that after the revolution gov would seize all property and create a socialist party where wealth was evenly divided, leaving a communist society

Question 31

how immigrants were treated

Answer 31

unwelcome

Question 32

the great RR strike

Answer 32

panic of 1873 was a sever recession that forced many companies to cut wages

Question 33

the haymarket riot

Answer 33

- supporters for 8 hr work day - violent strike - 7 german immigrants were convicted-led to idea that unions were leaded by dangerous radicals

Question 34

the homestead strike

Answer 34

henry clay frick proposed to cut wages and locked employees out

Question 35

the pullman strike? injunction?

Answer 35

RR employees organized the american railway union - among them were ones that worked for Pullman Palace Car Co, a company that required worker to live there, buy his goods, then laid people off and cut wages - strike tied up RR and threatened to paralyze economy - injunction: formal court order directing the union to halt the boycott

Question 36

The american federation of labor?

Answer 36

dominant union of the late 1880s - samuel gompers: first president focused on everything but politics, preferred to negotiate - 3 goals: convince companies to recognize unions, agree to collective bargaining, 8 hr work day - mostly white men, no women or blacks

Question 37

great migration

Answer 37

the great movement of blacks from the south to the midwest

Question 38

jim crow laws

Answer 38

set of laws passed in the south which enforced discrimination

Question 39

sharecropping

Answer 39

didnt have to pay rent for their land in cash but instead paid a share of the crops to cover their rent, seed, fertilizer, tools, and animals. -merchants provided suplies on credit but it often led to debts which led to imprisonment or involuntary servitude

Question 40

civil rights act of 1866

Answer 40

- granted citizenship to anyone in the US except natives. - guaranteed rights for blacks to own property and they would be treated equal in court - gave fed power to sue those who violated the rights - passed 14th amendment

Question 41

black voting restrictions

Answer 41

the 15th amendment prohibits states from denying anyone to vote based on race color etc - southern states began imposing restrictions - poll tax - literacy tests - grandfather clause