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AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ill-fated theory that states bumps on the skill reveal mental abilities and characteristics

A

Phrenology

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2
Q

Nerve cells

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Carry messages from tissue to the brain and spinal cord or processing (senses)

A

Sensory neurons

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4
Q

Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the body tissue (muscles)

A

Motor neurons

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5
Q

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

Branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Extension of a neuron, through which messages pass to other neurons or muscles or glands

A

Axon

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8
Q

A later of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables greater transmission speed of neural impulses

A

Myelin sheath

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9
Q

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

Action potential

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10
Q

Pushing a neurons accelerator

A

Excitatory signals

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11
Q

Pushing a neurons break

A

Inhibitory signals

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12
Q

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

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13
Q

The joining between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrites of cell body of the receiving neuron

A

Synapse

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14
Q

Cross synaptic gap and bind to receptor cites on the receiving neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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15
Q

When sending neurons reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters

A

Reuptake

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16
Q

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

A

Endorphins

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17
Q

Molecule that is similar enough to an actual neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor to mimic it

A

Agonist

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18
Q

Molecule that binds to receptor but they block a neurotransmitter

A

Antagonist

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19
Q

The bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

Nervous system

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20
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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21
Q

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

Controls bodys skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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23
Q

Controls glands and muscles

A

Automatic nervous system

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24
Q

Cluster of neurons

A

Neural networks

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25
An automatic response to a sensory stimulus
Reflex
26
Information highway connecting peripheral nervous system to the brain
Spinal cord
27
Set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine system
28
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
Hormones
29
Pair of glands above kidneys that secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
Adrenal glands
30
Under influence of hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other glands
Pituitary glands
31
Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Acetylcholine
32
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Serotonin
33
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Dopamine
34
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | -Prozac
SSRI
35
Helps control alertness and arousal
Norepinephrine
36
Inhibitory transmitter
GABA
37
Excitatory transmitter
Glutamate
38
Tissue destruction
Lesion
39
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface
EEG-electroenecephalogram
40
Examines the brain by taking x-rays that reveal brain damage
CT (CAT) scan-computed axial tomography
41
Depicts brain activity by showing each brain areas consumption of radioactive glucose
PET scan-position emission tomography
42
A technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
fMRI (functional MRI)
43
The oldest part and central core of he brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; automatic survival function
Brainstem
44
Neural fiber pathway controls simple reflex
Spinal cord
45
The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
Medulla
46
Above medulla; helps coordinate movements
Pons
47
Nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal, between pons and thalamus
Reticular formation
48
The brains sensory switchboard; located at top of brainstem; directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla
Thalamus
49
Little brain at the rear of the brainstem
Cerebellum
50
Two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion-agression and fear
Amygdala
51
A neural structure below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities
Hypothalamus
52
Processes new memories
Hippocampus
53
Axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Corpus callosum
54
The two large hemispheres that contribute to 85% of the brains weight
Cerebrum
55
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the bodies ultimate control and information-processing center
Cerebral cortex
56
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Glial cells
57
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; speaking
Frontal lobe
58
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; senses/touch and position
Parietal lobe
59
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; vision/seeing
Occipital lobe
60
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; auditory/hearing
Temporal lobe
61
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Motor cortex
62
An area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Sensory cortex
63
An area in the occipital lobes that receives input from the eyes
Visual cortex
64
An area in the temporal lobes that receives information from the ears
Auditory cortex
65
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
Association areas
66
Impairment of language; usually caused by damage to left hemisphere
Aphasia
67
Impairing speaking
Broca's area
68
Impairing understanding
Wernicke's area
69
The brains ability to change; especially during childhood, by recognizing after damage, or building new pathways
Plasticity
70
The formation of new neurons
Neurogenesis
71
The brains two sides serving different functions
Lateralization
72
A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (corpus collosum) connecting them
Split brain
73
Interpretations, decision making
Left hemisphere
74
Recognizes faces, understands simple requests
Right hemisphere
75
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
76
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
Cognitive neuroscience
77
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Behavior Genetics
78
Every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Environment
79
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
Chromosomes
80
A complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
DNA
81
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
Genes
82
The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes
Genome
83
Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Identical twins
84
Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs and are no closer than brother or sister
Fraternal twins
85
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
Heritability
86
The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Molecular genetics
87
The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection
Evolutionary psychology
88
The principle that traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Natural selection

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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