Unit 6

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

Learning that certain events occur together

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

A type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment

Answer 4

Operant conditioning

Question 5

A type of learning where one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events over time

Answer 5

Classical conditioning

Question 6

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Answer 6

Behaviorism

Question 7

Learned

Answer 7

Conditioned

Question 8

Unlearned

Answer 8

Unconditioned

Question 9

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins to trigger the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 9

Acquisition

Question 10

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 10

Unconditioned Response

Question 11

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (automatically) triggers a response

Answer 11

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 12

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Conditioned Response

Question 13

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response

Answer 13

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 14

Who conducted experiments on learning

Answer 14

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov’s Dogs

Question 15

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 15

Extinction

Question 16

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 17

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 17

Discrimination

Question 18

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 18

Learned Helplessness

Question 19

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 19

Respondant Behavior

Question 20

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 20

Operant Behavior

Question 21

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer; devices record animal’s bar-pressing rate

Answer 21

Operant Chamber

Question 22

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward a closer approximations of desired behavior

Answer 22

Shaping

Question 23

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviors it follows

Answer 23

Reinforcer

Question 24

Increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli

Answer 24

Negative Reinforcement

Question 25

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

Answer 25

Positive Reinforcement

Question 26

Innately reinforcing stimuli; the one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 26

Primary Reinforcers

Question 27

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer -Ex: People want $ for food, hunger should make people want more money

Answer 27

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 28

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, if reinforcement stops, the behavior soon stops

Answer 28

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 29

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

Partial Reinforcement

Question 30

An event that decreases the behavior it follows

Answer 30

Punishment

Question 31

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Answer 31

Cognitive Map

Question 32

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 32

Latent Learning

Question 33

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 33

Insight

Question 34

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 34

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 35

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 35

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 36

Learning by observing others

Answer 36

Observational Learning

Question 37

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 37

Modeling

Question 38

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Answer 38

Mirror Neurons

Question 39

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Answer 39

Prosocial Behavior

Question 40

Negative, destructive behavior

Answer 40

Antisocial Behavior