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Biology Honors > Unit 5-Chapters 10, 11, and 17 > Flashcards

Unit 5-Chapters 10, 11, and 17 Flashcards

Vocabulary and Key Concepts

1
Q

Early scientist proposed ideas about…

A

…evolution

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2
Q

Theories of geologic change set the stage for…

A

…Darwin’’s Theory

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3
Q

Evolution

A

the rpocess of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors

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4
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring

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5
Q

Fossils

A

traces of organisms that existed in the past

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6
Q

catastrophism

A

states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions have happened often during Earth’s long history

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7
Q

gradualism

A

a principle that states that the changes in landforms result from slow changes over a long period of time

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8
Q

uniformitarianism

A

proposes that present geologic processes are they key to the past

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9
Q

Darwin observed differences among…

A

…island species

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10
Q

darwin observed ___ and ___ evidence supporting an ancient earth

A

fossil; geographic

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11
Q

variation

A

the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs

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12
Q

adaptation

A

a feature that allows an organism to better survive in it environment
can lead to genetic change in a population over time

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13
Q

several key insights led to Darwin’s idea for…

A

…natural selection

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14
Q

Natural selection explains how…

A

…evolution can occur

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15
Q

Natural selection acts on…

A

…existing variation

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16
Q

artificial selection

A

process by which hunmans change a species by breeding it for certain traits
humans act as the selective agent

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17
Q

heritability

A

the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

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18
Q

natural selection

A

a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals without the beneficial adaptation

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19
Q

population

A

all the individuals of a species that live in an area

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20
Q

fitness

A

a measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment

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21
Q

evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from…

A

…several sources

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22
Q

structural patterns are clues to the…

A

…history of a species

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23
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the distribution of organisms around the world

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24
Q

homologous structures

A

features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions
strong evidence for common descent

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25
analogous structures
structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin-different structures
26
vestigial structures
remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor
27
molecular and genetic evidence support..
...fossil and anatomical evidence
28
evolution unites...
...all fields of biology
29
paleontology
the study of fossils or extinct organisms
30
Fossils provide a record of...
...evolution
31
genetic variation in a population increases the...
...chance that some individuals will survive
32
genetic variation comes from...
...several sources
33
gene pool
the combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population
34
allele frequency
a measure of how common a certain allele is in the population
35
natural selection acts on...
...distribution of traits
36
natural selection can change the...
...distribution of a trait in one o three ways
37
normal distribution
the frequency of a trait is highest near the mean value and decreases toward each extreme end range
38
microevolution
the observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time
39
directional selection
a type of selection that favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait's range
40
stabilizing selection
the intermediate is favored and becomes more common in the population
41
disruptive selection
a type of selection that favors both extreme phenotypes
42
gene flow is the...
...movement of alleles between populations
43
genetic drift is a...
...change in allele requencies due to chance
44
sexual selection occurs when...
...certain traits increase mating success
45
gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another
46
genetic drift
change in allele frequencies due to chance alone, occuring mosst commonly in small populations
47
bottleneck effect
genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population
48
founder effect
genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area
49
sexual selection
occurs when certain traits increase mating success
50
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes...
...populations that are not evolving
51
The Hardy-Weinberg equatio is used to...
...predict genotype frequencies in a population
52
there are ___ factors that lead to evolution
five
53
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
very large population (no genetic drift can occur) No emmigration or immigration (No gene flow can occur) No mutations (No new alleles can be added to the gene pool) Random mating (No sexual selection can occur) No natural selection (All traits must equally aid in survival
54
the isolation of populations can lead to
...speciation
55
populations can become isolated...
...in several ways
56
reproductive isolation
occurs when members of diferent populations can no longer mate successfully with one another
57
speciation
the rise of two or more species from one existing species
58
behavioral isolation
isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors
59
geographic isolation
isolation that is caused by physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups
60
temporal isolation
isolation caused when timing prevents reproduction between populations
61
evolution through natural selection is...
...not random
62
species can...
...shape each other over time
63
species can become...
...extinct
64
speciation often occurs...
...in patterns
65
convergent evolution
evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species
66
divergent evolution
when closely related species evolve in different directions and come increasingly different
67
coevolution
the process in which two or more species evolve in reponse to changes in each other
68
extinction
the elimination of a species from earth
69
punctuated equilibrium
states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change
70
adaptive radiation
the diversification of one ancestral species into many descendent species
71
Linnaeus developed the...
...scientific naming system still used today
72
Linnaeus' classification system has...
...seven levels
73
The Linnaean classification system has...
...limitations
74
taxonomy
the science of naming and classifying
75
taxon
a group of organisms in a classification system
76
binomial nomenclature
a system that gives each species a two-part scientific name using Latin words
77
genus
includes one or more physically similar species that are thought to be closely related
78
classification is always...
...a work in progress
79
the three domains in the tree of life are...
...Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
80
Bacteria
includes singlie-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria
81
Archaea
single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea
82
Eukarya
made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells

Biology Honors (10 decks)

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