Flashcards in Unit 6- Chapters 18 and 19 Deck (61):
1
Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all...
...cause infection
2
Virus
An infectious particle made only of a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
3
Pathogen
any living organism or particle that can cause an infectious disease
same as infectious agent
4
Viroids
infectious particles that cause disease in plants
5
Prion
an infectious particle made only of proteins that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly
6
Viruses differ in...
...shape and in ways of entering host cells
7
Viruses cause...
...two types of infections
8
Capsid
a protein shell that surrounds the genetic materail in a virus
9
Bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
10
Lytic Infection
an infectious pathway in which the host cell bursts, releasing thenew viral offspring intho the host's system
11
Lysogenic Infection
a phage combines its DNA into the host cell's DNA
12
Prophage
the phage DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA
13
Viruses cause many...
...infectious diseases
14
Vaccinesare made from...
...weakened pathogens
15
Epidemic
a rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people
16
Vaccine
a substance that stimulates the body's own immune response against invasion by microbes
17
retrovirus
a virus that contains RNA and uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy
18
Prokaryots are widespread...
...on earth
19
Bacteria an archaea are...
...structually similar but have different molecular characteristics
20
Bacteria have variou strategies for...
...survival
21
obligate anaerobe
poisoned by oxygen
22
obligate aerobe
organisms that need oxygen
23
faculatative aerobe
organisms that can survive with and without oxygen
24
Plasmid
a small piece of genetic material that can replicate separately from the prokaryote's main chromosome
25
Flagellum
a long, whip-like structure outside of a cell that is used for movement
26
conjugation
the process by which prokaryotes can exchange parts of their chromosome through a hollow bridge of pili formed to connect two or more cells
27
endospore
a specialized cell with a thick portective wall
28
Prokaryotes provide...
...nutrients to humans and other animals
29
Prokaryotes play important...
...roles in ecosystems
30
bioremediation
a process that uses microbes and other living things to break down pollutants
31
some bacteria cause...
...disease
32
antibiotics are used to fight...
...bacterial disease
33
Bacteria can...
...evolve resistance to antibiotics
34
Toxin
a poison released by an organism
35
Antibiotic
chemicals that kill or slowthe growth of bacteria
36
Protists can be...
...animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike
37
Protisit are difficult to...
...classify
38
protist
aeukaryots that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus
39
animal-like protists move in...
...various ways
40
some animal-like protists cause...
...disease
41
protozoa
often used informally to describe the many phylaof animal-like protists
same as zooplankton
42
Pseudopod
"fake foot"
a temporary extension of cytoplasm and plasmamembrane that helps protozoa move and feed
43
Cillia
short, hairlike structures that cover some or all of cell surface and help the organism swim and capture food
44
plantlike protists can be...
...single-celled or multicellular
45
Many plantlike protists can reproduce both...
...sexually and a sexually
46
algae
photosynthetic plantlike protists
47
Slime molds and water molds are...
...funguslike protists
48
Slime molds
eukaryotic organisms that have both funguslike and animallike traits
49
water molds
funguslike protists that aremade up of branching strands of cells
50
Fungi are adpadted to absorb their food from...
...the environment
51
fungi come in many...
...shapes and sizes
52
fungi reproduce...
...sexually and asexually
53
chitin
a tough polysaccharide that is also found in the shells of insects and their close relatives
54
hyphae
bodies of multicellular fungi are made of long strands
55
mycelium
groups of hyphae in long tangles masses
56
fruiting body
a reproductive structure of a fungus that grows above ground
57
Mycorrhizae
mutualistic partnerships between fungi and the roots of certain plants
58
sporangi
spore-forming structures at thhe tips of their hyphae
59
Fungi may be...
...decomposers, pathogens, or mutalists
60
fungi are studied for...
...many purposes
61