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Biology Honors > Unit 2- Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16 > Flashcards

Unit 2- Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16 Flashcards

vocab and key ideas

1
Q

ecology

A

the study of interactions among living things and between living things and their surroundings

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2
Q

levels of organization

A

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome

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3
Q

community

A

a group of different species that live together in on area

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

includes all of the organisms as well as climate, soil, water, rocks, and other nonliving things in a given area

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5
Q

biome

A

a major regional or global community of organisms

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6
Q

biotic factors

A

living things (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

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7
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving things (soil, temperature, moisture, wind, sunlight)

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8
Q

biodiversity

A

the assortment of living things in an ecosystem

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9
Q

keystone species

A

a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem

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10
Q

producer

A

organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources

same as autotrophs

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11
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources

same as producers

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12
Q

consumers

A

organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources
same as heterotrophs

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13
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources
same as consumers

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14
Q

chemosynthesis

A

process by which an organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals, rather than light, as an energy source

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15
Q

food chain

A

a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships

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16
Q

herbivores

A

eat only plants

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17
Q

carnivores

A

eat only animals

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18
Q

omnivores

A

eat plants and animals

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19
Q

detritivores

A

organisms that eat dead organic matter

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20
Q

decomposers

A

detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds

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21
Q

five types of consumers

A

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, decomposers

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22
Q

specialist

A

is a consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or a very small number

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23
Q

generalist

A

consumers that have a varying diet

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24
Q

trophic levels

A

levels of nourishment in a food chain

show energy flow

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25
Q

food web

A

a model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem

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26
Q

biomass

A

a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area

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27
Q

energy pyramid

A

a diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels

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28
Q

habitat

A

can be described as all of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where an organism lives

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29
Q

ecological niche

A

composed of all of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce

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30
Q

competitive eclusion

A

when two species are competing for the same resources, one species will be better suited to the niche, and the other species will be pushed into another niche or become extinct

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31
Q

ecological equivalents

A

species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions

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32
Q

competition

A

when two organisms fight for the same limited resourse

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33
Q

predation

A

process by which one organism captures and feeds upon another organism

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34
Q

symbiosis

A

a close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact with one another

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35
Q

mutualism

A

an interspecies interaction in which both organisms benefit

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36
Q

commensalism

A

a relationship between two organisms in which one recieves an ecological benefits from another, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed

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37
Q

parasitism

A

a relationship when one organism benefits while the other is harmed

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38
Q

population density

A

a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space

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39
Q

population dispersion

A

the way which individuals of a population are spread in an area or volume

  1. clumped
  2. uniform
  3. random
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40
Q

survivorship curve

A

a generalized diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births

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41
Q

immigration

A

the movement of individuals into a population from another population

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42
Q

emigration

A

the movement of individuals out of a population and into another population

43
Q

exponential growth

A

occurs when a population size increase dramatically over a period of time

44
Q

logistic growth

A

occurs when a population begins with a period of slow growth followed by a brief period of exponential growth before leveling off at a stable size

45
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that the environment can normally and consistently support

46
Q

population crash

A

the dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time

47
Q

limiting factor

A

the factor that has the greatest effect in keeping down the size of a population

48
Q

density-dependent limiting factors

A

limiting factors taht are affected by the number of individuals in a given area

49
Q

density-independent limiting factors

A

the aspects of the environment that limit a population’s growth regardless of the density of the population

50
Q

canopy

A

the uppermost branches of the trees

51
Q

grassland

A

an area where the primary plant life is grass

52
Q

desert

A

recieves less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation each year

53
Q

deciduous

A

trees that have adapted to winter temperatures by dropping their leaves

54
Q

coniferous

A

trees that retain their needles all year

55
Q

taiga

A

the boreal forest

located in cooler climates

56
Q

tundra

A

located byond the taiga in far northern latitudes

57
Q

chaparral

A

Mediterranean shrubland

hot dry summers and cool, moist winters

58
Q

nonrenewable resource

A

used faster than they are formed

59
Q

renewable resources

A

cannot be used up or can replenish themselves over time

60
Q

ecological footprint

A

the amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough food and water, shelter, energy, and waste
for one person???

61
Q

pollution

A

any undesirable factor or pollutant, that is added to the air, water, or soil

62
Q

smog

A

a type of air pollution caused by the interaction of sunlight with pollutants produced by fossil fuel emissions

63
Q

particulates

A

microscopic bits of dust, metal, and unburned fuel

produced by many different industrial processes

64
Q

acid rain

A

a type of precipitatioin produced when pollutants in the warer cycle cause rain pH to drop below normal level

65
Q

greenhouse effect

A

occurs when carbon dioxide, water, and methane molecules absorb energy reradiated by earth’s surface and slow the release of this energy from Earth’s atmosphere

66
Q

global warming

A

the trend of increasing global temperatures

67
Q

indicator species

A

a species that provides a sign, or indication of the quality of the ecosystem’s environmental conditions
same as bioindicator

68
Q

biommagnification

A

a pollutant that moves up the food chain as predators eat prey, accumulating in higher concentrations in the bodies of predators

69
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

occurs when a barrier forms that prevents an organism from accessing its entire home range

70
Q

introduced species

A

any organism that was brought to an ecosystem as the result of human actions

71
Q

ecologists study…

A

…environments at different levles of organization

72
Q

ecological research methods include…

A

…observation, experimentation, and modeling

73
Q

an ecosystem includes…

A

…both biotic and abiotic factors

74
Q

changing one factor in an ecosystem can…

A

…affect many other factors

75
Q

producers providev

A

…energy for other organisms in an ecosystem

76
Q

almost all produces obtain energy from…

A

…sunlight

77
Q

a food chain is a…

A

…model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships

78
Q

a food web shows…

A

…a complex network of feeding relationships

79
Q

water cycles through…

A

…the environment

80
Q

elements essential for life also…

A

…cycle through the environment

81
Q

hydrogogic cycle

A

the circular pathway of water on earth from the atmosphere to the surface, below ground, and back
also called water cycle

82
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem

83
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the process by which certain types of bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen compounds

84
Q

an energy pyramid shows…

A

…the distribution of energy among trophic levels

85
Q

other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s…

A

…biomass and distribution of organisms

86
Q

a habitat differs from a…

A

…niche

87
Q

resource availability gives…

A

…structure to a community

88
Q

competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms…

A

…interact

89
Q

symbiosis is a…

A

…close relationship between species

90
Q

population density is the…

A

…number of individuals that live in a defined area

91
Q

geographic dispersion of a population shows…

A

…how individuals in a population are spaced

92
Q

survivorship curves help to describe the…

A

…reoroductive strategy of a species

93
Q

Changes in a population’s size are determind by…

A

…immigrations, births, emigration, and deaths

94
Q

population growth is based on…

A

…available resources

95
Q

ecological factors limit…

A

…population growth

96
Q

earth has _____ major biomes

A

6

97
Q

polar ice caps and mountains are ___ considered biomes

A

not

98
Q

pullutants accumulate in the…

A

…air

99
Q

air pollution is…

A

…changing earth’s biosphere

100
Q

water pollution affects…

A

…ecosystems

101
Q

biomagnification causes…

A

…accumulations of toxins in the food chain

102
Q

preserving biodiversity is important to the…

A

…future of the biosphere

103
Q

loss of habitat…

A

…eliminates species

104
Q

introduced species can…

A

…disrupt stable relationships in an ecosystem

Biology Honors (10 decks)

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