Unit 9- Chapters 25 and 26

Question 1

the phylum chordata contains…

Answer 1

…all vertebrates and some invertebrates

Question 2

all vertebrates share…

Answer 2

…common features

Question 3

fossil evidence sheds light…

Answer 3

…on the orgins of vertebrates

Question 4

chordates

Answer 4

share 4 features at some stage of their development

1) notocord
2) hollow nerve cord
3) pharyngeal slits
4) tail

Question 5

notocord

Answer 5

a flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s back

Question 6

endoskeleton

Answer 6

an internal skeleton built of bone or cartilage

Question 7

fiash are vertebrates with…

Answer 7

…gills and paired fins

Question 8

jaws evolved from…

Answer 8

…gill supports

Question 9

only ___ groups of jawed fish still exist

Answer 9

2

Question 10

gill

Answer 10

large sheets of thin frilly tissue filled with capillaries that take in dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide

Question 11

countercurrent flow

Answer 11

the opposite movement of water against the flow of blood in the fish’s gills

Question 12

lateral line

Answer 12

a series of shallow canals on the sides of the fish made up of cells that are sensitive to small changes in water movement

Question 13

operculum

Answer 13

covers the gills of all bony fish in a chamber covered by a protective plate

Question 14

ray-fined fish have…

Answer 14

…a fan of bones in their fins

Question 15

lobe-finned fish have…

Answer 15

…paired rounded fins supported by a single bone

Question 16

ray-fin

Answer 16

fins that are supported by a fan-shaped array of bones

Question 17

swim bladder

Answer 17

modified lungs that act as a buoyancy organ

Question 18

lobe-fin

Answer 18

paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are round in shape

Question 19

amphibians were the first animals with…

Answer 19

…four limbs

Question 20

amphibians retuen to the water to…

Answer 20

…reproduce

Question 21

modern amphibians can be divided into…

Answer 21

…3 groups

Question 22

tetrapod

Answer 22

a vertebrate that has four limbs

Question 23

amphibians

Answer 23

animals that can live both on land and in water

Question 24

tadpole

Answer 24

aquatic larvae of frogs

Question 25

amniotes can...

Answer 25

...retain moisture

Question 26

amniotes do not need to...

Answer 26

...return to water to reproduce

Question 27

amniote

Answer 27

a vertebrate tha has a thin, tough, membranous sace that encloses the embryo of fetus

Question 28

keratin

Answer 28

a protein that binds to lipids inside the cell, forming a hydrophobic-or water repellent- layer that keeps the water inside the animal from reaching the skin

Question 29

amniotic egg

Answer 29

an almost completely waterproof container that keeps the embryo from drying out as it develops

Question 30

placenta

Answer 30

a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy

Question 31

amniote embryos develop in a...

Answer 31

...fluid-filled sac

Question 32

___ and ___ differ among amniotes

Answer 32

anatomy and circulation

Question 33

amniotes can be...

Answer 33

...ectothermic or endothermic

Question 34

pulmonary cicuit

Answer 34

moves oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart

Question 35

systemic circuit

Answer 35

moves oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 36

ectotherm

Answer 36

organisms whose body temperatures are determined by their surrounding environment

Question 37

endotherms

Answer 37

organisms that use their own metabolic heat to keep their tissues warm

Question 38

reptiles are a diverse group of...

Answer 38

...amniotes

Question 39

reptiles have been evolving for...

Answer 39

...millions of years

Question 40

there are four modern groups of...

Answer 40

...reptiles

Question 41

reptile

Answer 41

ectotherms that are covered with dry scales or plates on reproduce by laying amniotic eggs covered with a tough outer shell

Question 42

oviparous

Answer 42

reptiles deposit their eggs into an external nest, and the eggs develop completely independent of the adult reptile

Question 43

viviparous

Answer 43

reptiles hold the eggs inside their body through the duration of development and give birth to live offspring

Question 44

birds evolved from...

Answer 44

...theropod dinosaurs

Question 45

a bird's body is specialized for...

Answer 45

...flight

Question 46

birds have spread to many...

Answer 46

...ecological niches

Question 47

airfoil

Answer 47

a curved surface that is curved down on the top (convex) and curved up on the bottom (concave)

Question 48

sternum

Answer 48

same as breastbone | where the chest muscles attach along with arms

Question 49

air sacs

Answer 49

in a bird body | connect to lungs

Question 50

all mammals share several...

Answer 50

...common characteristics

Question 51

modern mammals are divided into...

Answer 51

...three main groups

Question 52

mammal

Answer 52

active, large-brained, endothermic animals with complex social, feeding, and reproductive behaviors

Question 53

mammary gland

Answer 53

specialized glands tha produce milk

Question 54

monotremes

Answer 54

mammals that lay eggs

Question 55

marsupials

Answer 55

mammals that give birth to immature, under-developed live young that grow to maturity inside a marsupium, or pouch

Question 56

eutherian

Answer 56

give birth to live young that have completed fetal development