Unit 3-Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Flashcards
Vocabulary and Key Ideas
1
Q
early sutides led to the…
A
…developement of the cell theory
2
Q
porkaryotic cells lack a…
A
…nucles and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells
3
Q
cell theory
A
3 part theory
- all organimsms are made of cells
- all existing cells are produced by other living cells
- the cell is the most basic unit of life
4
Q
cytoplasm
A
a jellylike ubstance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-such as protiens, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions
5
Q
organelles
A
specialized structures to perform distinct processes within a cell
6
Q
prokaryotic cells
A
no nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
DNA in cytoplasm
single-celled organisms
7
Q
eukaryotic cells
A
have a nucleus
have mebrane-bound organelles
nucleus has encloses DNA
may be multi-cellular or single-celled organisms
8
Q
calls have…
A
…an internal structure
9
Q
several organelles are involved in…
A
…making an processing protiens
10
Q
other organelles have…
A
…various functions
11
Q
plant cells have…
A
…cell walls and chloroplasts
12
Q
cytoskeleton
A
a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell
13
Q
nucles
A
storehouse for genetic informatino–>DNA
14
Q
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A
an interconnected network of thin folded membranes
15
Q
smooth ER
A
ER without ribosomes in it
16
Q
rough ER
A
ER with ribosomes in it
17
Q
ribosomes
A
tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins
18
Q
golgi apparatus
A
consist of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins
19
Q
vesicles
A
general name used to describe small membrane-bound sace that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell
20
Q
mitochondria
A
supply energy to the cell
two membranes: inner and outer
21
Q
vauole
A
fluid-filled sace used for the storage of materials needed by a cell
22
Q
lysosomes
A
membrane-boiund organelles that contain enzymes
23
Q
centrioles
A
cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle
24
Q
cell wall
A
a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell
25
chloroplasts
carry out photosynthesis-->convert solar energy into energy cells can use
only in plant cells
26
cell membrane
same as plasma membrane
forms a boundary between the cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell
27
phospholipid
molecule composed of:
1. a charged posphate groups/head
2. glycerol????
3. two fatty acid chains
28
fluid mosaic model
describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
29
selective permeability
cell membrane is this
| allows some, but not all, materials to cross
30
receptor
a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
31
cell membranes are composed of...
...two phospholipid layers
32
chemical signals are...
...transmitted across the cell membrane
33
diffusion and osmosis are types of...
...passive transport
34
some molecules diffuse through...
...transport proteins
35
passive transport
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell
36
diffusion
the movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
37
concentration gradient
the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
38
osmosis
diffusion for water molecules
| across a semi-permeable mebrane from high to low concentration
39
isotonic solutions
both solutions have the same concentration of dissolved particles
40
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the hypertonic solution has a higher concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one
41
hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the hypotonic solution has a lower concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one
42
facilitated diffusion
the diffusion across a membrane through transport proteins
| still passive transport
43
proteins can transport materials...
...against a concentration gradient
44
endocytosis and exocytosis...
...transport materials across the membrane in vesicles
45
active transport
drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
46
endocytosis
process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane
47
phagocytosis
a tyoe if endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles
48
exocytosis
the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane
49
photosynthesis
process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy
50
photosynthetic organisms are...
...producers
51
photosynthesis in plants occurs in...
...chloroplasts
52
chlorophyll
a molecule in chlorplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
53
thylakoids
membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbed pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
54
light-dependent reactions
capture energy from sunlight
| water and sunlight necessary
55
light-independent reactions
use energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugars
| Carbon dioxide is needed
56
cellular respiration makes...
...ATP by breaking down sugars
57
cellular repiration is like a mirror image of...
...photosynthesis
58
cellular respiration
releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
59
aerobic
a process that needs oxygen to take place
60
glycolysis
splits glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules and makes 2 molecules of ATP
61
anaerobic
a process that does not need oxygen to take place
62
krebs cycle
produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular repiration
63
cell cycle has...
...four main stages
64
cells divide...
...at different rates
65
cell size is...
...limited
66
cell cycle
the regular pattern of growthm DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
67
mitosis-basic
the division of the cell nucleus and its contents
68
cytokinesis-basic
the process that divides the cell's cytoplasm
69
chromosomes condense at the start of...
...mitosis
70
mitosis and cytonkinesis produce...
...two genetically identical daughter cells
71
chromosomes
on long continuous thread of DNAthat consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information
72
histone
a protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps
73
chromatin
loose combination of DNA and proteins
74
chromatid
one half of a duplicated chromosome
75
centromere
where sister chromatids (two identical chromatids) are held together
76
telomeres
repeating nucleotde at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes
77
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by...
...ATP
78
Organisms break down carbon based molecules to produce...
...ATP
79
a few types of organisms do not need...
...sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy
80
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
| a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes
81
ADP
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
82
chemosynthesis
a process by which come organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules
83
Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis
first step
light energy captured
water molecules broken down
84
Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis
also called light-independent reactions
| uses carbon dioxide and makes glucose
85
fermentation allows...
...glycolysis to continue
86
fermentation and its products are...
...important in several ways
87
fermentation
does not make ATP
| allows glycolysis to continue
88
lactic acid
causes muscles to burn during excercise
| waste product of fermentation
89
Interphase
G1-normal cell function, growing in size
S-DNA multiplies (2 complete sets)
G2-cback to everyday function, growing
MOST TIME IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE
90
Mitosis-detailed
when the DNA is split and another nucleus is formed
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
91
Prophase
DNA coils up
spindle fibers grow
Nuclear membrane disapeers
92
Metaphase
DNA lines up in center of cell
| Each chromatid attaches to a spindle fiber
93
anaphase
DNA is split into 2 exact copies
| DNA seperates to opposite sides of the cell
94
telophase
2 nuclear membranes form
| cell starts to pinch off
95
cytokinesis-detailed
cell is divided and 2 identical cells are formed
96
internal and external factors regulate...
...cell division
97
cell division is uncontrolled in...
...cancer
98
growth factor
a broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division
99
apoptosis
programmed cell death
100
cancer
common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
101
benign tumor
a tumor in which the cancer cells typically remain clustered together
102
malignant
a tumor in which some of the cells break away (metastasize) and can form new tumors
103
metastasize
when cells break away from a tumor
104
carcinogens
substances that are known to produce or promote the development of cancer
105
binary fission is similar in function to...
...mitosis
106
some eukaryotes reproduce through...
...mitosis
107
asexual reproduction
the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes
108
binary fission
the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into 2 roughly equal parts
109
multicellular organisms depend on...
...interactions among different cell types
110
specialized cells perform...
...specific functions
111
stem cells can develop into...
...different cell types
112
tissue
groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function
113
organs
groups of tissues that work toether to perform a specific function or related functions
114
organ systems
organs that carry out similar functions
115
cell differentiation
the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions
116
stem cells
a unique type of body cell tha have the ability to:
1) divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
2) remaion undifferentiated in form
3) develop into a variety of specialized cell types
