Unit 4-Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 Flashcards
Vocabulary and Key Ideas
1
Q
You have ___ and ___
A
Body cells and gametes
2
Q
Your cells have ___ and ___ chromosomes
A
autosomes and sex
3
Q
Body cells are ___; gametes are ___
A
diploid and haploid
4
Q
somatic cells
A
same as body cells
make up most body tissues and organs
5
Q
gamete cells
A
same as sex cells
eggs/ova in females
sperm/spermatozoa in males
6
Q
homologous chromosomes
A
2 chromosomes-one from ma and one from pa-that have the same length and general appearance
7
Q
autosomes
A
chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism
8
Q
3 names for body cells
A
body
somatic
diploid
9
Q
3 names for sex cells
A
sex
gamete
haploid
10
Q
sexual reproduction
A
involves the fusion of two gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents
11
Q
fertilization
A
the actual fusion of an egg and sperm cell
12
Q
diploid
A
when a cell has two copies of each chromosome: one from ma and one from pa
13
Q
haploid
A
a cell that has only one copy of each chromosome
14
Q
meiosis
A
a form of nuclear division that divide a diploid cell into haploid cells
15
Q
cells go through… during meiosis
A
two rounds of division
16
Q
haploid cells develop into…
A
…mature gametes
17
Q
___ laid the groundwork for genetics
A
Mendel
18
Q
Mendel’s data revealed…
A
…patterns of inheritance
19
Q
trait
A
distinguishing characteristics that are inherited
20
Q
genetics
A
the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation
21
Q
purebred
A
organisms that are genetically uniform
22
Q
cross
A
mating of two organisms
23
Q
law of segregation
A
- organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent)
- organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes
24
Q
the same gene can have…
A
…many versions
25
genes influence the...
...developement of traits
26
gene
a piece of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make certain protein
27
allele
any alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific locus
28
homozygous
2 of the same alleles at a specific locus
29
heterozygous
2 different alleles ata specific locus
30
genome
all of an organism's genetic material
31
genotype
refers to the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes
32
phenotype
the physical characteristics or traits of an individual organism
33
dominant
the allele that is expressed when two different alleles or two dominant alleles are present
34
recessive
the allele that is only expressed when two copies are present
35
punnet squares illustrate...
...genetic crosses
36
a monohybrid cross involves...
...one trait
37
a dihybrid cross involves...
...two traits
38
heredity patterns can be calculated with...
...probability
39
punnett square
a grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross
40
monohybrid crosses
crosses that examine the inheritance of only one specific trait
41
testcross
a ccross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with the recessive phenotype
42
dihybrid crosses
crosses that examine the inheritance of two different traits
43
law of independent assortment
allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation/meiosis
44
2 copies of each autosomal gene...
...affect phenotype
45
males and females can differ in...
...sex-linked traits
46
carrier
does not show disease symptoms, but can pass on the disease-causing allele to offspring
47
sex-linked genes
genes that are located on the sex chromosomes
48
X chromosome inactivation
when one of the two X chromosomes is randomly tunred off
49
phenotype can depend on...
...interactions of alleles
50
many genes interact to produce...
...one trait
51
the environment interacts with...
...genotype
52
incomplete dominance
when a heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes
53
codominance
when both traits are fully and seperately expressed
54
polygenic traits
traits produced by two or more genes
55
human genetics follow...
...the patterns seen in other organisms
56
females can carry...
...sex-linked genetic disorders
57
a pedigree is a...
...chart for tracing genes in a family
58
several methods help map...
...human chromosomes
59
pedigree
a chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people can carry recessive alleles
60
karyotype
a picture of all the chromosomes in the cell
61
DNA is composed of...
...four types of nucleotides
62
Watson and Crick developed...
...an accurate model of DNA's 3-D shape
63
nucleotides always...
...pair in the same way
64
nucleotide
the small units/monomers that make up DNA
65
double helix
the shape of DNA
| 2 strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder
66
base pairing rules
bases of the 2 DNA strands always pair up in the same way
T with A
C with G
67
replication copies...
...genetic information
68
proteins carry out...
...the process of replication
69
replication is...
...fast and accurate
70
replication
process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle
71
DNA polymerases
a group of enzymes that band the new nucleotides together
72
RNA carries...
...Dna's instructions
73
Transcription makes...
...three types of RNA
74
the transcription process is similar to...
...replication
75
central dogma
a theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
76
RNA
ribonucleic acid
| a chain of nucleotides
77
transcription
the process of copying as sequense of DNA to producs a complementary strand of RNA
78
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that bonds nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule
79
messenger RNA (mRNA)
the message that is translated to make a protein
80
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
forms part of ribosomes
81
transfer RNA (tRNA)
brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein
82
translation
the process that converts or translates and mRNA message into a polypeptide
83
codon
a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid
84
stop codons
3 of them: UGA: UAA: UAG
| signal the end of the amino acid chain
85
start codon
AUG: methionini
| signals the start of translation
86
anticodon
a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon
87
scientists use several techniques to...
...manipulate DNA
88
restriction enzymes cut...
...DNA
89
restriction maps shoe the...
...lengths of DNA fragments
90
restriction enzyme
enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences
91
gel electrophoresis
an electircal current is used to separate a mixture of DNA fragements from each other
92
restriction maps
show the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites in a strand of DNA
93
a DNA fingerprint is a type of...
...restriction map
94
DNA fingerprinting is used for...
...identification
95
DNA fingerprint
a representation of parts of an indviduals DNA that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level
96
entire organisms can be...
...cloned
97
new genes cab be added to..
...an organisms DNA
98
Genetic engineering produces...
...organisms with new traits
99
clone
a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism
100
genetic engineering
changing of an organism's DNA to give the organism new traits
101
recombinant DNA
DNA that contains genes from more than one organism
102
plasmids
closed loops of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell
103
transgenic
an organism that has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome
104
gene knockout
genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism's genes are prevented from being espressed
105
genomics involves...
...the study of genes, gene functions, and entire genomes
106
technology allows the study and comparison of both...
...genes and proteins
107
genomice
the study of genomes
108
gene sequencing
determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes or genomes
109
Human Genome Project
two main goals:
1. to map and sequence all of the DNA base pairs of the human chromosomes
2. to identify all of the genes within the sequence
110
bioinformatics
the use of computer databases to organize and analyze biological data
111
DNA microarrays
tools that allow scientists to study many genes and their expression at once
112
proteomics
the study and comparison of all the proteins that result from an organisms genome
