Unit 6 Review

Question 1

Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information:

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Mental representation of a set of connected ideas:

Answer 2

Schema

Question 3

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks:

Answer 3

Dual Processing/Parallel Processing

Question 4

Unusually vivid memory of an emotionally important moment in one’s life:

Answer 4

Flashbulb Memory

Question 5

A memory of a sensation (smell, noise, sound, etc.):

Answer 5

Tagged Memory

Question 6

Unimportant info is dropped and relevant information is encoded:

Answer 6

Filter Theory

Question 7

First step in memory in which stimuli from the environment is converted into a form that the brain can understand and use:

Answer 7

Encoding

Question 8

Process by which encoded information is maintained over time:

Answer 8

Storage

Question 9

Process of bringing to consciousness information in the memory system:

Answer 9

Retrieval

Question 10

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system:

Answer 10

Sensory Memory

Question 11

Visual sensory memory which lasts no more than a few tenths of a second:

Answer 11

Iconic Memory

Question 12

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, which lasts about 3-4 seconds:

Answer 12

Echoic Memory

Question 13

We voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs:

Answer 13

Selective/Focused Attention

Question 14

Conscious memory or working memory; can hold about 7 bits of information for a short term:

Answer 14

Short-term Memory

Question 15

Relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass:

Answer 15

Long-term Memory

Question 16

Our unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learning information:

Answer 16

Automatic Processing

Question 17

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort:

Answer 17

Effortful Processing

Question 18

Conscious, effortful repetition of information that you are trying either to maintain in consciousness or to encode for storage; manipulation of information so that it can be stored:

Answer 18

Rehearsal

Question 19

Repeating information to prolong its presence in the STM:

Answer 19

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 20

LInking new information with existing memories and knowledge in the LTM to help transfer info from the STM to the LTM:

Answer 20

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 21

Tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice:

Answer 21

Spacing Effect

Question 22

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading, information:

Answer 22

Testing Effect

Question 23

Clear visual images like photographic memory:

Answer 23

Eidetic Memory

Question 24

Don’t remember information presented because one was focused on own performance:

Answer 24

Next in Line Effect

Question 25

More likely to remember different/odd information:

Answer 25

Semantic Distinctiveness/Von Restorff Effect

Question 26

Use of imagery to process information into memory:

Answer 26

Visual Encoding

Question 27

Processing of information into memory per its sound:

Answer 27

Acoustic Encoding

Question 28

Processing of information into memory per its meaning:

Answer 28

Semantic Encoding

Question 29

Mental pictures and can be important aid to effortful processing:

Answer 29

Imagery

Question 30

Memory aids which often use visual imagery:

Answer 30

Mnemonics

Question 31

Memory technique of organizing material into familiar, meaningful units:

Answer 31

Chunking

Question 32

An increase in a synapse's firing potential following brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory:

Answer 32

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Question 33

Recall of skills, preferences, and dispositions; are processed by cerebellum:

Answer 33

Implicit Memory (AKA Procedural or Nondeclarative Memory)

Question 34

Memories of how to do something such as riding a bike or tying your shoes:

Answer 34

Procedural Memory

Question 35

Memories of acts, including names, images, and events; stored in the hippocampus:

Answer 35

Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)

Question 36

The stories of our lives and experience that we can recall and tell someone:

Answer 36

Episodic Memory

Question 37

Impersonal memories that are not drawn from experience but from common knowledge; facts we learn over life:

Answer 37

Semantic Memory

Question 38

Lasting strengthening of synpases that increase neurotransmitters:

Answer 38

LTP

Question 39

Measure of retention in which the person must remember, with few retrieval cues, information learned earlier:

Answer 39

Recall

Question 40

Measure of retention in which one need only to identify previously learned information:

Answer 40

Recognition

Question 41

Amount of time saved when relearning information:

Answer 41

Savings Score

Question 42

Measure of retention in that the less time it takes to relearn information, the more than information has be retained:

Answer 42

Relearning

Question 43

Activation, often unconscious, of a web of associations in memory to retrieve a specific memory; cues to activate hidden memories:

Answer 43

Priming

Question 44

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood:

Answer 44

Mood-Congruent Memory

Question 45

Old information gets in the way of new infromation:

Answer 45

Proactive Interference

Question 46

New information gets in the way of old information:

Answer 46

Retroactive Interference

Question 47

Aids in memory because the mastery of one task aids in the learning or performing of another:

Answer 47

Positive Transfer

Question 48

The mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another:

Answer 48

Negative Transfer

Question 49

Occurs when a memory was never formed because we didn't perceive or attend to the information/situation:

Answer 49

Encoding Failure

Question 50

Memory errors that occur because people update memories with logical processes, reasoning, new info, perception, imagination, beliefs, and cultural biases:

Answer 50

Memory Reconstruction

Question 51

False memories that people believe are ture:

Answer 51

Pseudo-Memories

Question 52

Memory retrieval is efficient when individuals are in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed:

Answer 52

State Dependent Memory

Question 53

Recall of information can be retrieved better if we are in the same mood as when we encountered the info:

Answer 53

Mood Dependent Memory

Question 54

Recall of information can be retrieved better if you are in the space as when you encountered the info:

Answer 54

Context Dependent Memory

Question 55

Tendency of eyewitnesses to an event to incorporate misleading information about the event into their memories because the new ino has altered the way previous info is held in memory:

Answer 55

Misinformation Effect

Question 56

Loss of memory:

Answer 56

Amnesia

Question 57

Inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance:

Answer 57

Source Amnesia

Question 58

Loss of memory for events that occured before the onset of amnesia:

Answer 58

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 59

Inability to form new long term memories due to destruction or damage to the hippocampus:

Answer 59

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 60

Sudden travel away from memory; typical of people under extreme stress

Answer 60

Fugue

Question 61

Vitamin B deficiency results in a loss of memory; alcoholics suffer from this:

Answer 61

Korsakoff's Disease

Question 62

Freud's theory of forgetting claiming that we push painful, embarrassing, or threatening memories out of awareness or consciousness:

Answer 62

Repression

Question 63

Progressive and irreversible brain disorder caused by deterioration of neurons that produce ACh and is characterized by a gradual loss of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning:

Answer 63

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 64

States the number of bits of infomration that can be held in the short-term memory:

Answer 64

George Miller - The Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus Two Theory

Question 65

Father of memory; forgetting curve and learning curve:

Answer 65

Hermann Ebbnghaus

Question 66

Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored and remembered because the more you remember it, the stronger the memory trace will be:

Answer 66

Trace Decay Theory

Question 67

Supported Ebbinghaus's principle in that the deeper the processing the more one retains:

Answer 67

Craik and Lockhart

Question 68

Only memorizing or learning at a superficial level:

Answer 68

Shallow Processing

Question 69

Elaborative rehearsal along with a meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned:

Answer 69

Deep Processing

Question 70

What are the 7 sins of memory?

Answer 70

1. Absent Mindedness 2. Transience 3. Blocking 4. Misattribution 5. Suggestibility 6. Bias 7. Persistence

Question 71

"Father" of eyewitness recall, how we construct memories, create false memories and misinformation effect:

Answer 71

Elizabeth Loftus