Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psychology > Unit Six > Flashcards

Unit Six Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three types of learning

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
And observational conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

John Locke and David Hume copied what Aristotle conclusion

A

That we learn by association, our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Example of association learning

A

If you associate a sound with a frightening consequence hearing the sound then may trigger your fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Habituation

A

An organism decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure
Ex sea slug and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (C.C) or a response and it’s consequence (O.C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conditioning

A

Is the process of learning associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name what learning this is: we learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name what learning this is: we learn to repeated acts that bring good results and to avoid acts that bring bad results

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name what learning this is: by watching others we learn new behaviors

A

Observational learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CLassical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who explored C.C

A

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Watson and Pavlov both share

A

Disdain for mentalistic concepts (consciousness) and a belief that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studied behavior without reference to mental processes
By John b Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who experimented with dogs, meat powder, salivation and other stimulus like bells? And what came out of it?

A 
Ivan Pavlov 
Which unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
And conditioned stimulus came out of it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conditioned=

Unconditioned=

A

Conditioned=learned

Unconditioned=unlearned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Unconditioned response

A

In CC, unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as SALIVATING when food in mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

In CC, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
FOOD in mouth triggers salivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conditioned response

A

In CC, the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Example SALIVATING to a TONE after association with arrival of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

In CC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
The TONE that causes salivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the five major conditioning processes

A

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acquisition

A

In CC, initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an US do that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR.
In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What questions did acquisition cause

A

Timing, how ugh time should elapse between presenting the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Most cases not much
Would you respond if TONE appeared after food
Not likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does conditioning help animals with

A

Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce-by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Higher order conditioning
Second order conditioning Procedure where the CS in one conditioned experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second often weaker CS
26
High order conditioning example
An animal that had learned that a TONE predicts food might then learn that a light predicts TONE and begin responding to the light alone
27
Extinction
The diminishing of a CR, occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS, Occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced
28
Example of extinction
For example if a TONE no longer signals the food then the dog with soon start to not salivate to the TONE
29
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
30
Generalization
The tendency once a response have been conditioned for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses Ex afraid of car, also motercycles, trucks
31
Discrimination
In CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal ah US Ex guard dog scared, guide dog not
32
In their disdain for mentalistic concepts, what did Pavlov and Watson underestimate
The importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints on an organisms learning capacity
33
What did Robert rescorla and Allan Wagner show
That an animal can learn the predictability of an event
34
Learn predictability and learned helplessness help explain what
Why CC treatments that ignore cognition have limited success
35
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
36
T or F, an animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by biology
True | Each species predispositions prepare it to learn the association one that enhance its survival
37
What did John Garcia do
Challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally Did rat radiation experiments
38
What did Garcia learn from rat experiments
Even if sickened hours after tasting particular flavor, rats still avoided the flavor And the sickened rats developed aversions to tastes but not to sights or sounds
39
What did the occurance of Even if sickened hours after tasting particular flavor, rats still avoided the flavor suggest
It violated the notion that for conditioning to occur, the US must immediately follow the CS
40
Ecologically relevant
Something similar to stimuli associated with sexual activity in the natural environment i
41
Biological constaints
Our readiness to learn adaptive associations such as taste aversions
42
Why is Pavlov's work important
His findings: many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms And Pavlov shows us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively
43
What are some applications of CC
Former drug users feel craving with people in places that associate with previous highs
44
What did John b Watson experiment
Little Albert and how specific fears can be conditioned
45
What American custom did Watson help make
The coffee break
46
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus In CC
47
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
48
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
49
Who developed the law effect
Skinnier and throndike
50
Law effect
Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely
51
Operant chamber
OC, skinnier box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, devices record animals rate
52
Shaping
An OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
53
Successive approximations
One inch reward Two inch reward Three inch reward Closer and closer to desired behavior
54
Discriminative stimulus
In OC a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast with related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
55
Reinforcer
In OC, any event that strengthens the behavior or follows
56
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, strengths response
57
Negative reinforcement
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant
58
Is negative reinforcement punishment
No, rather negative reinforcement removes punishment (aversive) events
59
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
60
Conditioned reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer Ex money, good grades
61
Do humans respond to delayed reinforcers
Yes, good grade at end of term, paycheck at week end
62
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing desired response everytime it occurs
63
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time, results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
64
Fixed ratio
Every so many, reinforcement after every nTh behavior, like buy ten coffees get one free
65
Fixed interval
Every so often, reinforcement for behavior after a fixed time- Tuesday discount prices
66
Variable ratio
After an unpredictable number, reinforcement after a random number of behaviors- slot machine, flycasting
67
Variable interval
Unpredictably often, reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time, as checking email
68
Best results you try which reinforcement
Variable ratio
69
Punishment
A punisher is any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior
70
What are key things for punishment
Sureness and swiftness
71
Drawbacks of physically punishing a child
Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten Punishment teaches discrimination Punishment can teach fear Increase aggressiveness as a way to cope with problems
72
Best way to use punishment
Punishment along with reinforcement | Like a swat
73
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
74
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Ex rat in maze with food
75
Point to remember from rat in maze
There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence, there is also cognition
76
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
77
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
78
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
79
How does biological constraints affect learning
Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
80
Instinctive drift
Going back to instincts, ex when trying to train pigs to pick up coins, would go back to pushing it with their snout
81
How is operant conditioning applied at school
A computer that could pace drills to students learning, quiz the student to find gaps in understanding, give immediate feedback; keep flawless record
82
Operant conditioning applies to sports
Shape behaviors by reinforcing small successes and gradually increasing challenge, base ball, hit it and then pitcher gradually moves back each time
83
Operant conditioning at work
Reward specific achievable behaviors, not vaguely defined merit Manager affirm people for good work
84
Operant conditioning at home
Parenting, notice people doing something right and affirm then for it, five children attention and other reinforcers when behaving well Simply explain misbehavior and give timeout
85
Operant conditioning for self improvement
State goal in measurable terms and announce it Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior Reinforce desired behavior Reduce the rewards gradually
86
Approximations
Rewarding the small steps toward learning a whole new behavior
87
CC and OC diffeeences
Through CC organism associated different stimuli that it does not control and responds automatically Through OC an organism associated it's operant behaviors with their consequences
88
T or F, biological predispositions influence both classical and operant conditioning
True
89
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
90
Observational learning
Learning by observing others, social learning
91
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
92
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
93
Theory of mind
Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state
94
What do mirror neurons underlie
Our brains mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature
95
Banduras experiment
Parents kick bobo doll so child does
96
Pro social
Positive constructive helpful behavior.
97
Does viewing cruelty prepare people to react more cruelty
To some extent it does
98
Violence viewing effect stems from what two factors
Imitation | And desensitizing
99
Martin seligman
Learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

AP Psychology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions