Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psychology > Unit Four > Flashcards

Unit Four Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Sensation

A

Process where our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Start with sensory receptors and work to brain integration of sensory info
Ex lines angles and colors forming picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Top down processing

A

Construct perceptions Drawing on our experience and expectations,
Ex consider title, apprehensive expressions then direct attention to aspects that give those observations meaning I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing of conscious awareness in particular stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli (like intensity) and our psychological experience with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimuli needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Theory predicts when we will detect weak signals (measured as ratio of hits to false alarms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does signal detection theory believe detection depends on

A

Persons experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of time
(Just noticeable difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Webers law

A

Principle that to be perceived different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than amount)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another, like senses into neural impulses for brain to interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

Determined hue/color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy in a wave, perceived as brightness or loudness, and determined by amplitude or height of wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Iris

A

Ring of Colored muscle tissue, controls pupil size opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lens

A

Transparent piece behind pupil, chances shape to help focus images on retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of eye, contains receptor rods, cones, and layers of neurons that begin process visual info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, grey, necessary for peripheral vision and twilight
26
Cones
Retinal receptors that are in the center of the retina, function in daylight or well light,they detect fine detail and color sensation
27
Optic nerve
Nerve that carries neural impulse from eye to brain
28
Blind spot
Point at which optic nerve leaves eye, blind because no receptor cells are there
29
Fovea
Central focal point in the retina, where the cones cluster around
30
Feature detectors
Nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of stimuli Ex shape, angle, movement
31
Parallel processing
Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, sub dimensions like color, movement, form and depth.
32
What does parallel processing contrast with
Step by step and conscious problem solving
33
Young helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory
Theory retina contains three different color receptors (red, blue, green) and when stimulated in combination it produces perception of any color
34
Opponent process theory
Opposing retinal processes enable color vision (blue-green, yellow-blue, black_white) explains after images. Ex some cells stimulated by red and not green, vis versa
35
Audition
Sense or act of hearing
36
Frequency
Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines pitch
37
Pitch
Tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency
38
Middle ear
Between cochlea and eardrum, containing tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of eardrum and send to cochlea
39
Inner ear
Internist part of the ear, contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
40
Place theory
Theory in hearing that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea a membrane is stimulated Explains high pitched sounds
41
Frequency theory
Theory in hearing that the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve Explains low pitched sounds
42
Conduction hearing loss
Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea Eardrum or tiny bones
43
What are the tiny bones in the middle ear
Hammer Anvil Stirrup
44
Sensorineural hearing loss
Damage to the cochlea a receptor cells or auditory nerves, also called nerve deafness
45
Kinesthesis
The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
46
Vestibular sense
Sense of body movement and position including balance, monitors head position and movement.
47
Gate control theory
Theory spinal cord contains neurological hate that blocks or allows pain signals
48
How is the gate controlled
Opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers Closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming from brain
49
Sensory interaction
Principle that one sense may influence another was when small influences taste
50
What is the cocktail party effect
Ability to attend to only one voice amount many, like someone says your name at a party and you instantly focus on it
51
Change deafness
When speaker changes and people don't notice
52
Choice blindness
Not noticing their choice is different , ex flashed female faces, asked which prettier, when shown their "choice" they explain it even tho they didn't choose it
53
Choice blindness blindness
When asking if they'd notice the choice switch (after already partaking in it) and they said they would when they hadn't
54
Pop out
Not choosing to attend to the stimuli but they draw our eye and demand attention
55
Masking stimulus
Interrupts the brains processing before conscious perception
56
What does priming images to people suggest
Sometimes we feel what we do not know and can't describe
57
How does much of our information processing occur
Automatically, out of sight off the radar of our concious mind
58
Can subliminal persuasion manipulate us?
No, subtle fleeting effect
59
Why if we stare at an object without flinching does it not vanish from sight
Eyes always moving, enough to guarantee that stimulation on the eyes receptors continually changes
60
What benefit does sensory adaptation give to us
Freedom to focus on informative changes in environment without being distracted by un informative background stimulation
61
Sensory adaptation reinforces what fundamental lesson
We perceive the world not exactly as it is but as it is useful for us to perceive it
62
Light wavelength
Hue/color
63
Light frequency
Short is blue | Big is red
64
Light amplitude is
Intensity and brightness
65
Sound amplitude
Loudness measured in decibels, increased by X10 when goes up 10
66
Sound frequency and pitch
F goes up, pitch does up
67
Wavelength and frequency
Short wavelength, high frequency | Long wavelength low frequency
68
Light travel of eye
Light enters cornea, passes through pupil (surrounded by iris), lens focus light rays into an image on the retina, retina receptor cells concert particles of light energy into neural impulses toward the brain, there impulses are reassembled into upright image
69
Follow light into the retina processes
Into Rods and cones, light energy would trigger chemical changes, spark neural signals, activate bipolar cells which activate the ganglion cells, axons of ganglion converge to form optic nerve which would Carrie the info to the brain.
70
Pathway from eyes to visual cortex
Ganglion axons firm optic nerve which runs to thalamus where they synapse with neurons that run to visual cortex
71
What responds to more complex patterns from feature detectors
Supercluster cells
72
Blindsight
Localized area of blindness in part of their field of vision
73
Retinal processing
Receptor rods and cones->bipolar cells->ganglion cells
74
How do we hear
Convert sound waves into neural activity
75
How we hear through every part
Outer ear funnels sound waves through auditory cannal to eardrum, middle ear transmits the vibrations through the bones to cochlea (in inner ear), cochlea membrane curates and so does the fluid, ripples basilar member, bend hair cells, triggers nerve cells converging into auditory nerve, sends neural messages to auditory cortex
76
What accounts for most hearing loss
Damage to hair cells
77
What alerts us to hearing damage
Ringing
78
Volley principle
Neural cells alternate firing and can achieve combined frequency above 1000 waves
79
Vestibular sacs
Contain fluid that moves when your head rotates or tilts
80
Why is there a dizzyafter affect
The fluid in kinestetic receptors and canals doesn't do back to their neural state right away
81
Nociceptors
Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temp, pressure, chemicals
82
Tinnitus
Ringing ear sensation, phantom sounds
83
Personal experience of pain biological influence
Activity in spinal cords large and small fibers Genetic differences in endorphin production Brain interpretation of CNS activity
84
Personal experience of pain psychological influence
Attention to pain Learning based on experience Expectations
85
Personal experience of pain social cultural influences
Prescience of others Empathy for others pain Cultural expectations
86
Umami taste
Flavor enhancer mono sodium glutamate
87
Taste and smell is what kind of sense
Chemical
88
McGurk effect
Hear ga see BA | Perceive da
89
Attractiveness of smells depends on
Learned associations
90
Sensation is to | As perception is to
Detection | Interpretation
91
Prosopagnosia-problem with facial recognition, have a deficiency in
Top down processing
92
Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to
Hue

AP Psychology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions