Unit VI Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
Network of cells, tissues, organs that work together to defend body aganst attacks by foreign invaders
A
immune system
2
Q
altered adverse reactoin to foreign substance that doesnt normally cause reaction
A
allergy
3
Q
genetic trait predisposing for localized anaphylaxis
A
atopy
4
Q
substance that induces formation of antibodies when introduced into body
A
antigen
5
Q
most antigens are composed of
A
protein
6
Q
what are the four ways antigens can enter the body
A
ingestion, inhalation, injection, absorption
7
Q
substance synthesized by B lymphocytes in response to presence of specfic antigen
A
antibody
8
Q
antibodies are a class of proteins known as
A
immunogloblins
9
Q
where are lymphocytes produced
A
bone marrow
10
Q
B lymphocytes are found in the
A
bone marrow & produce antibodies
11
Q
t lymphocytes move from where
A
bone marrow to thymus
12
Q
Humoral immunity
A
is extracellular body fluid
13
Q
primary immune response is noted when
A
4-8 days after initial exposure to antigen
14
Q
can cross the placenta, provides newborn with passive immunity for at least 3 months
A
IgG
15
Q
first type of antibody formed, primary immune response (can kill bacteria)
A
IgM
16
Q
protects against infection in intestines & respiratory tract, lines mucus membranes
A
IgA
17
Q
assist in differentiation of B lymphocytes
A
IgD
18
Q
causes symptoms of allergic reations
A
IgE
19
Q
loss of hair
A
alopecia
20
Q
an abnormal or allergiv reaction to an antigen antibody formation
A
hypersensitivity reaction
21
Q
the body fails to recoginze self-proteins and reacts against its own proteins
A
autoimmune disease
22
Q
loss of appetite
A
anorexia
23
Q
a medicine that prevents or controls vomiting or nausea
A
antiemetic
24
Q
a drug that kills or blocks the growth and or spread of cancer cells
A
antineoplastic (chemo)
25
an abnormal growth of tissue which does not spread from one body part to another
benign tumor
26
the cutting out of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination
biopsy
27
what is the only way to diagnois cancer
biopsy
28
a disease in which abnormal or malignant cells grow out of conrtol and usually spread to other parts of the body
cancer
29
a small cancer that has not spread and is located on the surgace of a tissue
cancer in situ
30
a substance or agent which causes cancer
carcinogen
31
a kind of cancer which originates in the skin or membranes lining the interior of hollow organs, such as the lungs & intestines etc
carcinoma
32
chemo used in conjuction with surgery, radiation or both to destroy cancer cells
adjuvant chemotherapy
33
simultaneous use of several drugs
combination chemotherapy
34
a science which studies cells under the microscope
cytology
35
an accumulation of fluid or semisolid material within a sac in the body
cyst
36
a chemical test to detect blood in the stool
guaiac test
37
tissue examined under the microscope
histology
38
artificial stimulation of the body's immune mechanism to treat or combat disease
immunotherapy
39
the use of x-rays for treating disease
irradiation
40
an abnormal change in body tissue or organ due to a disease or injury
lesion
41
a tumor made up of cancer cells
malignant tumor
42
cancer of pigment forming cells usualy of the skin
melanoma
43
to spread from the original site
metastasize
44
a new and abnormal growth of tissue or cells, a tumor
neoplasm
45
a type of neoplasm which does not invade or destory nearby tissues
non-invasive
46
th study of cancerand treatment of malignant disease
oncology
47
a benign tumor of bone
osteoma
48
treatment that relieves pain and symptoms of disease but which does not cure the disease
palliative treatment
49
an overgrowth of tissue projecting into a body cavity
polyp
50
the use of radiation for treatment of disease
radiotherapy
51
complete or partial disappearance of a disease
remission
52
a malignant tumor of muscles and or connective tissues
sarcoma
53
an abnormal swelling or enlargement of cells or tissues
tumor
54
what is the goal of treatment of cancer
cure, control & palliation
55
surgery where a biopsy, used to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of cancer
diagnostic surgery
56
what surgery is the goal to remove the entire tumor with minimal functional and structural destruction. Tumor and lymph nodes are removed
radiacal surgery
57
a surgery that is preventitive, where lisions are removed early while they are non malignant or cause harm
prophylactic surgery
58
surgery for the relief of pain, obstruction, hemmorrhage and comfort measures
palliative surgery
59
surgery for insertion of therapeutic devices
supportive surgery
60
surgery used to assist with body image, improving function, anatomical defect or cosmetic apperance
reconstructive surgery
61
uses high energy ionizing radiation to kill/destroy cancer cells (break one or both strands of DNA)
radiation therapy
62
debulk
take away excess
63
radioactive isotops that are used for tempoary or permenant implants
internal radiation (brachytherapy)
64
what is importnat to remember with internal implants
priciples of time(minimize exposure), distance (maximize distance from source) & shielding (decrease exposure, lead shield)
65
Side effects of radiation
fatigue, skin changes, anorezia and other site specific side effects
66
desquamation
peeling of the skin
67
how long will it take after the last radiation treatment will it take for a pt to feel better bc of cummalitive effect
4-6 weeks
68
nurtrionally what does someone with radiation need to do
increase calories & proteins and have small frequent meals
69
treatment of cancer with chemicals
chemotherapy
70
cytoxic
kills cells
71
what cells does chemo affect
all cells cancer and normal cells
72
routes of chemo
oral, im, iv, intracavity, sub q, topical, intraarterial etc
73
work together and are more effective against CA cells
synergistic effect
74
in conjunction with surgery or radiation or both with the ultimate goal to kill cancer
adjuvant
75
a chemotherapeutic agent capable of causing or forming a blister &/or tissue destruction
vesicant
76
a chemotherapeutic agent capable of producing venous pain at the IV site & along the vein with or without an inflammaroty reaction
irritant
77
who can give chemo
only a specially trained RN
78
infiltration (leakage) of a drug into surrounding tissue, vesicants cause pain & tissue necrosis
extravasation
79
Inflammation of mouth
stomatitis
80
what is the most serious side effect of chemotherapy
bone marrow depression
| low platelets, WBC & RBC count
81
what nursing measures should you do with chemo
increase fluids, I & O, oral care, decrease odors in room, aseptic techniques, food lukewarm, assess labs (CBC, H&H, WBC, RBC)
82
in chemo trials how many ppl are tested in phase 1, 2, 3
20-80
100-300
1000-3000
83
attempt to stimulate a persons own immune system to fight cancer cells
immunotherapy
84
natural substances produced in small amts by the body's immune system
BRM, biological response modifiers
85
interferes with viral replication, increases natural killer cell activity
interferon
86
what regulates the production, maturation & function of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
colony stimulating factors (CSF)
87
when your WBC counts are at its lowest 10-17 days after chemo has been given
nadir
88
activiates antitumor cells which attack the tumor
IL 2
89
are 2nd malignancies usually resistant to therapy?
yes
90
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
cancer
91
incidence
new cases
92
morbidity
illness rate
93
mortality
death rate
94
what is highest cancer overall
lung
95
what is the highest % of cancer in men
prostate
96
what is the highest % of cancer in women
breast
97
what carcinogens can effect cancer
chemicals, diet, radiation, drugs
98
resting phase of the cell cycle
G0
99
RNA & protein synthesis phase of the cell cycle
G1
100
DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle
S
101
additional RNA & DNA synthesisphase of the cell cycle
G2
102
mitosis-cell division phase of the cell cycle
M
103
what phase do cancer cells not go in
G0
104
cells with recognizable specialized structures and functions
differentiated
105
cells which have lost their capactiy for specialized functions
undifferenctiated
106
causes a cell to mutate
carcinogen
107
malignant, irreversible change of cells which regress to more primitive level (fetal)
anaplasia
108
benign change of cells resulting from chromic irritation -may reverse or progress to cancer
dysplasia
109
reversible, benign change of adults cells from one type to another
metaplasia
110
abnormal increase in # of cells, increased tissue mass
hyperplasia
111
process by which neoplasms are produced, new growths
oncogenesis
112
in the development of cancer, when something happens to the cell to make it change, usually when exposed to a carcinagen
initiation
113
in the development of cancer, increase progression of cell growth, immune system doesnt know its there
promotion
114
in the development of cancer, increase of cell growth to allow cell mass to continue, usually where tumors are detected
progression
115
what is the role of the immone system
to reject or destroy cancer cells if perceived as nonself
116
cancer cells evade immune system
escape mechanisms
117
does not invade, localized
benign
118
will matastasize, immature cells, dont go into resting phase
malignant
119
oma
tumor malignant
120
Grade I cancer
well differentiated, no change in apperance
121
Grade II cancer
moderately differentiaed, moderate change
122
Grade III cancer
poorly differentiated, very abnormal
123
Grade IV cancer
undifferentiated, lost all normal cellular charcteristics
124
describes the extent of the disease, not looking at cell apperance
Staging of cancer Stage 0( cancer in situ) -Stage IV (mesastasis)
125
TNM classification
T-tumor size
N-lymph nodes involved
M-metastasis
126
calignant cells detach from parent tissue & migrate; spread of cancer cells
metastasis
127
when cancer grows into surrounding tissue (local spread)
direct extension
128
break off from original tumor and seed to grow in other organs
seeding
129
spread from blood system
hematogenous spread
130
seven warnings of cancer
```
C-change in bowel or bladder habits
A-a sore that doesnt heal
U-unusal bleeding or discharge
T-thickening or lump
I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O-obvious change in wart or mole
N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
```
131
primary prevention
general wellness promotion
132
secondary prevention
screening (early diagnosis & treatment)
133
tertiary prevention
assist to highest level of wellness
| rehab
134
characterized by fat, muscle depletion
malnutrition
135
infection throughout bloodstream
sepsis
136
obstruction of vena cava by tumor
superior vena cava syndrome
137
shifting of fluid from vascular space to interstital space
third space syndrom
138
when is tumor lysis syndrome seen
1 week after chemo, results from rapid destruction of tumor cells leads to acute renal failure
139
fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
cardiac tamponade
140
what is the goal of the psychological aspects of cancer
to meet the daily physical and psychological needs of the cancer pt
141
patients may exhibit what behaviors when coping with fears & diagnosis
shock, denile, anger, bargaining, depression, helplessness, hopelessness
142
those who have overcome and been cured of their cancer
suviorship
143
complex metabolic problem in advanced cancer pts, lassified by anorexia, altered taste & smell, dry mouth
cachexia
144
hepatomegaly
enlarged liver
145
what does a cancer pt need in thier diet
high protein & high calories
146
proteins
rebuilds tissue
147
calories
energy & maintence of cells
148
source of protein
animal product (meat, fish, eggs milk, cheese), legumes, nuts, beans
149
analgesic drug therapy for mild pain
non opiod analgesics, NSAIDS, adjuvant meds
| tylenol, ibuprofen
150
analgesic drug therapy for moderate pain
mild opiod analgesics, adjuvant meds
| darvocet, percocet
151
analgesic drug therapy for severe pain
strong opiod analgesics, adjuvant meds
| morphine
152
what is a contrainication for bone cancer
massage
153
psychological dependence, opiods used for uuphoria
addiction
154
occurs when a lager dose of opiod is required to maintain the same level of analgesia for the same level of pain
tolerance
155
stage 1 in family crisis
living with cancer, family informed of cancer diagnosis
156
stage 2 in family crisis
restructuring during the living-dying interval
157
stage 3 in family crisis
bereavement
| before, during and after death
158
stage 4 in family crisis
reestablishment, completes the grieving process
159
an organized institution designed to provide palliative & supportive care to terminally ill patient and their families
hospice
160
what is the number one complaint of cancer patients
fatigue
161
pain where body part has been removed
phantom pain
162
what are causes of bone marrow suppression
cancer, chemo, radiation, combination
163
low hemoglobin
anemia, 120 days after chemo
164
low platelets
thrombocytopenia, 7-10 days after chemo
165
low white blood cells
leukopenia or neutropenia, 7-10 days after chemo
166
all blood counts are low
pancytopenia
167
what turns on bone marrow to produce cells quicker
colony stimulating factors
168
when is a chemo pt most at risk for infection?
7-10 days after chemo
169
all cells start as ?
stem cells or hemocytoblasts
170
signs and symptoms of anemia
cool, clammy pale skin, decrease b/p, high RR, high HR, fatigue, SOB
171
protect patient with reduced immunity
neutropenic precautions
172
mucositis
inflammation of mucus membrane
173
esophagitis
inflammation of esophagus, hard to swallow
174
cardiomyopathy
enlargement of heart
175
CHF
fluid back up in to heart
176
symptoms caused by damage to peripheral nerves
peripheral neuropathy
177
chemo brain
side effect of chemo, memory lapse, trouble concentrating, clower thinking process
178
build up of lymoh fluid in tissue causes edema
lymphedema
179
when does hair loss start after chemo
about 21 days after treatment
180
regardless of treatment type, cancer ________ affects a persons physical and psychological functioning
ALWAYS
181
RBC
transport O2, lasts 120 days
182
WBC
fight infection, lasts from hours to 7 days
183
platelets
clotting, lasts 7 days
184
kills immature blood cells forming in bone marrow
chemotherapy (systemic)
185
kills immature blood cells forming in bone marrow
radiation (localized)
186
how many people are living with HIV in the US
1.4 million
187
emphasis on primary health care and support services that enhance access to and retention in care
ryan white HIV
188
75% of HUV is transmitted by
sex
189
every _____minutes, someone in the US is infected with HIV
9 & 1/2 minutes
190
In a PPD test, a pt with HIV will have positive test what size will the wheal be
5 mm
191
how is HIV transmitted
infected blood and blood products
sexual contact
maternal/child
192
number of viral (HIV) particles in 15 mLof blood
viral load
193
who is at highest risk for HIV
women & children
194
three enzymes in the HIV life cycle
reverse transcriptse
integrase
protease
195
primary HIV infection
5 weeks
196
what is the normal range for the CD4 test
500-1450 cells/mm3
197
signs and symptoms of HIV
shingles, neuropathy, thrush, HPV, herpes
198
fat redistrubution may be caused by some HIV infections
lipodystrophy
199
does pregnancy accelerate HUV
NO
200
do more americans die from hepatitis or HIV
Hepatitis
201
help with lower income individuals under 65 will have access to federal tax credits to purchase private insurance coverage
the affordable care act
202
adults and children in the world with HIV
34.2 million people
203
What are the three functions of the immune system
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance
204
Organs of the immune system
```
Tonsils
Thymus
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes
```
205
What is the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction
Epi (adrenalin)
206
How much and how often would you give epi
Mild symptoms
1:1000 (0.3-0.5ml) sub q or IM q10-15 min
Severe symptoms
1:10000 (3-5ml) IV q5-10 min
207
If a person is having an anaphylaxis reaction what do you do?
```
Epi
High flow O2
Recumbent position
Keep pt warm
Maintain b/p
Benadryl
```
208
Involves deposited of antigen-antibody complexes in blood vessel walls of skin, joints, in renal glomeruli
Serum sickness
209
What is the nursing goal of a pt who has advanced cancer
Assist with achievement of a healthy death
210
Progressing to cachexia contributes to the morbidity & mortality of cancer patients
Malnutrition
211
What is most affected by chemo/radiation
Rapidly dividing immature cells
