Unit VII part 2 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
Neurovascular checks
A
Pain Pallor Pulse Parastasis Paralysis
2
Q
Kyphosis
A
Round back, forward bending of spine
Hunchback
3
Q
Scoliosis
A
Lateral curvature of the spine
4
Q
Genu valgum (valgus)
A
Outward turning of foot
Knock knee
5
Q
Genu varum (varus)
A
Outward turning of foot
Knock knee
6
Q
Effusion
A
Escape of fluid into a body part
7
Q
Atrophy
A
Muscle wasting
8
Q
Ankylosis
A
Scarring of joint
9
Q
Contracture
A
Resistance to movement of a muscle or joint
10
Q
Measurement of the degree of heat radiating from the skin surface
A
Thermography
11
Q
What’s the #1 priority post procedure
A
Check neurovascular status on that extremity
12
Q
What is the most common dx to assess muscular skeletal system
A
X ray
13
Q
Views of specific planes & tissue depth
A
Tomogram
CT
14
Q
Used to visualize spinal column & subarachnoid space
A
Myelography
15
Q
Joint aspiration
A
Arthrocentesis
16
Q
X ray of cervical or lumbar discs
A
Discography
17
Q
IV injection of radioisotope that is taken up by the bones
A
Bone scan
18
Q
Measures the electrical activity of muscles via needle electrodes
A
Electromyography
19
Q
Measures the time it takes for a muscle to respond after the nerve to that muscle has been electrically stimulated
A
Nerve conduction velocity
20
Q
Recipe
A
Rest Elevate Compression Ice Proper exercise NSAIDS
21
Q
Displacement of part , usually above, from it’s normal anatomical position within a joint
A
Dislocation
22
Q
Partial or incomplete displacement of the joint surface
A
Subluxation
23
Q
Most frequent dislocation joints
A
Fingers Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee
24
Q
Signs and symptoms of joint and soft tissue injuries
A
Pain Decrease ROM Tender Edema Ecchymosis
25
Transitory muscle contractions by spontaneous stimulation of a single muscle fiber
Fibrillations
26
Severe burning pain from PN injuries
Causalgia
27
What nerve is damaged by incorrect usage of crutches
Brachial plexus
28
Muscle excitation
Muscle spasm
29
Bruise without break in skin
Contusion
30
Collection of blood
Hematoma
31
Inflammation of a tendon sheath & synovial sac
Tendosynovitis
32
Pain over lateral epicondal of humerous radiating to outer side of arm & forearm
Tennis elbow
33
Entrapment syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
34
Occurs when s/s reappear by tapping the median nerve at the wrist
+ tinels sign
35
Flex the wrist for one minute
+ phalens sign
36
Cystic structure adjacent to a joint or tendon
Ganglion
37
Contracture of Palmer fascia causing ring finger and pinky to bend into the palm
Dupuytrens contracture
38
Injury to the intra articular cartilage padding that attaches on sides & top of tibia
Meniscus injury
39
Injury to ligament between tibia & femur
Anterior cruciate ligament
40
Cyst containing synovial fluid communicating with synovial fluid of a joint
Popliteal cyst
41
Sudden knife like pain, bulge in calf
Achilles tendon rupture
42
Deformity of the 2nd toe
Hammer toe
43
Deformity of great toe
Bunion
44
Hallucinating valgus
Bunion
45
Localized thickening of skin
Corn
46
Same as corn but larger
Callus
47
Function of skeletal system
```
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis
```
48
Mature cells
| Maintain structure
Osteocytes
49
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
50
Cells that reabsorb bone
Osteoclasts
51
The process by which intra cellular material is formed & hardening minerals are deposited into the bone
Ossification
52
Space in diaphysis
Medullary or marrow cavity
53
Where diaphysis joins epiphysis
Metaphysis
54
Dense white fibrous covering around bone
| Except at joint surfaces
Periosteum
55
Thin layer of hotline cartilage covering the epiphysis where bone forms a joint with another bone
Articular cartilage
56
Junction between two or more bones
Joints
57
Synarthroses
No movement
58
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joint
59
Freely moveable joint
Diarthroses
60
Concave surface fits into a convex surface
Hinge
61
One surface rotates around a peg or pivot
Pivot joint
62
Joint that permits full freedom of movement
Ball & socket
| Hip/shoulder
63
Joint where both articular surfaces are flat
Gliding
| Ex. Between carpal/tarsal bones
64
An oval condyle fits into an elliptical cavity
Condyloid/ellipsoidal
65
Concave end fits onto a convex surface of another bone
Saddle joint
| Ex. Metacarpal joint in thumb
66
Moving a part forward
Protraction
67
Moving a part backward
Retraction
68
Toes toward head
Dorsiflexion
69
Point toes say from body
Plantarflexion
70
What is the function of cartilage
Support soft tissue
| Provide articulating surfaces for joint movement
71
Nourished by diffusion from capillaries
Avascular
72
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
73
Most common type of cartilage
Hyaline
74
Made of moderate amt of collagen fibers
| Ex. Bhronchi, nose
Hyaline
75
Contains collagen & elastic fibers
| Ex. Larynx
Elastic
76
Contains collagen & elastic fibers
| Ex. Larynx
Elastic
77
Mostly collagen
Tough tissue
Functions as shock absorber
Fibrocartilage
78
Type of muscle found in heart
| Involuntary
Cardiac
79
Muscle found in the walls of hollow structures (bladder, blood vessels) involuntary
Smooth
80
Muscle that is voluntary attached to bones
Skeletal muscles
81
Contractile unit of the myofibril
Sacromere
82
Arrangement of thick & thin filaments in the sarcomere
Banding
83
Cell membrane
Sarcolemma
84
Cytoplasm with in these cells
Sarcoplasm
85
Junction between the nerve cell & muscle cell it supplies
Neuromuscular junction
86
Point of attachment on the bone closest to trunk
Origin
87
Point of attachment farthest from trunk
Insertion
88
Contract to produce movement
Prime movers
89
What relaxes the muscle
Antagonist
90
Contract to stabilize the area involved
Synergist
91
What is needed for muscle contractions
ATP
92
Muscle cells require what to generate power
Oxygen
| Glucose
93
Does not produce movements, holds muscle in position
Tonic
94
What produces movement, muscle shortens
Isotonic
95
Increase tension in muscle but doesn't produce movement
Isometric
96
A quick jerky reaction to a single stimulus
Twitch
97
Sustained twitch, series of stimuli in rapid succession
Tetany
98
Asynchronous contraction of individual fibers
Fibrillation
99
Abnormal uncoordinated tetnic contractions in varying muscle groups
Convulsions
100
Attach muscle to bone
Tendon
101
Connect bone to bone
Ligaments
102
Layers of connective tissue, separates one muscle from another
Fascia
103
Small sacs of connective tissue located wherever pressure is exerted over moving parts
Bursae
104
Disruption or break in the continuity or structure of the nine
Fracture
105
Complete separation of the bone into 2 fragments
Closed fracture
106
Break in the skin
| Bone may or may not stick out
Open
| Compound
107
Line of fx extends across the bone
Complete Transverse fx
108
Line of fx extends in a spiral direction
| Twisting of bone
Spiral
109
Fx in 3 or more fragments
Comminuted
110
A bone fragment is forced into another fragment
Impacted
111
Spontaneous fx usually caused by a disease process or neoplasm
Pathologic fx
112
Fx seen in children in which only partial thickness of bone is broken
Incomplete or greenstick
113
Hairline fx
| Difficult to dx in x ray
Stress fx
114
Fx of bone resulting from a strong pulling effect of tendons or ligaments at the bone attachment
Avulsion fx
115
s/s fx
```
Pain
Edema
Muscle spasm
Deformity
Crepitus
Loss of sensation
Excessive motion
```
116
Bone healing stages
```
Hematoma formation
Cellular proliferation
Callus formation
Ossification
Consolidation
Remodeling
```
117
Excess cells reabsorbed & union complete
Remodeling
118
Decrease distance between bone fragments until closed
Consolidation
119
Formation of new bone 3-10 weeks
Ossification
120
Osteoclasts destroy old bones and new bone formed by osteoblasts
Occurs 6-10 days after injury
Callus formation
121
Fibrin mesh work formation phagocytosis of necrotic tissue
Cellular proliferation
122
Hematoma surrounds ends of fragments
Hematoma formation
123
Factors that enhance bone healing
```
Immobilization of fx
Maximum bone fragment contact
Sufficient blood supply
Proper nutrition
Exercise
Electric potential across fx
```
124
Factors that inhibit bone healing
Edema
Bone loss
Inadequate immobilizer
Space between bone fragments
125
Overall goals of fx treatment
Anatomical realignment of bone fragments (reduction)
126
Non surgical
| Manual realignment
Closed reduction
127
Correction of bone alignment through a surgical incision
Open reduction
128
Short term traction
Skin traction
129
Long term traction
Skeletal traction
130
What fractures heal quickly
Flat bone fractures
| Pelvis, scapula
131
Immobilization & support of spinal injuries of thoracic or lumbar spine or after spinal surgery
Body jacket casts
132
Weights used to suspend the part correctly & continuously
Balanced suspension
133
Planning overall goals
Physiological healing with no associated complications
Pain relief
Achieve maximal rehabilitation potential
134
Stiff claw-like deformity of the arm & hand
| Caused by super condylar fx of humerous
Volkmann contracture
135
what is essential to prevent permanent deficits
early detection
136
lactic acid released by necrotic tissue
metablic acidosis
137
damaged muscles cells release K+, possible heart damage
hyperkalemia
138
excessive myoglobin in circulation, clogs the renal tubules
renal failure
139
ruslut of prolonged continuous pressure on large muscles
crush syndrome
140
myoglobin released from skeletal muscle into blood stream
rhabdomylosis
141
characterized by the presence of fat globules in tissue & organs after a traumatic skeletal injury
fat embolism syndrome
142
what are some predisposing factors for fat embolism syndrome
fractures, burns, DI, alcoholism, shock, sepsis
143
what tissues are most often effected from fat embolism syndrome
lungs
144
what is the first sign of fat embolism syndrome
mental status change
| 12-72 hours after injury
145
tiny, flat red spots located on neck, chest, axillia
petechia
| late sign of Fat embolism syndrome
146
most common complication following trauma of the lower extremity in adults
venous thrombosis
147
what is the most common fatal complication of orthopedic surgery
venous thrombosis
148
when does venous thrombosis occur
24-48 hours after the injury, but not apparent for 7-10 days
149
what is the average adult blood volume
4-5 liters
150
what is the 1st sign of shock
mental status change
151
open fractures & soft tissue injuries have an increase incidence of ?
infection
152
if there is an open wound what shot needs to be given
tetnus
153
bone loses its blood supplu and dies
avascular necrosis
154
what are pts high risk for due to bone destruction
kidney stones
155
fracture healing progressing more slowly than expected, haling eventually occurs
delayed union
156
what helps with production/stimulation of osteoblasts
electrical bone stimulation
157
complete failure of healing to take place
nonunion
158
transplanting pieces of bone to new location
bone grafting
159
what is the most important thing in mursing manangement of facial fractures
maintain a patent airway
160
what is the most common fx seen in the hospital
hip
161
occurs with in the hip joint and capsule
intracapsular fracture
162
inter trochnteric fx
extracapsular fracture
163
fracture to the distal radius
colles fracture
164
what is the minimum urine output after surgery
30 ml/hr
165
how is a fracture usually caused by
trauma
166
Measure joint motion
Goniometer
