Unit VIII Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
What does the epiglottis do?
A
Prevents aspiration
2
Q
What is the major role of the respiratory system?
A
Provide oxygen for tissue perfusion & remove carbon dioxide
3
Q
Orthopnea
A
Positional breathing
4
Q
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
A
Sudden difficulty breathing at night
5
Q
Hair like structure that moves particles
A
Cilia
6
Q
What happens to inhaled air by tissue lining nasal cavity
A
Moistened
Warmed
Cleansed
7
Q
What are the major structure of the respiratory system
A
Nose Nasal cavity Mouth Pharynx Larynx
8
Q
What are the major functions of upper airway?
A
Air conduction
Protection
Warming filtration
Humidification
9
Q
From normally midline septum protrudes more to one side of nasal passage
A
Deviated septum
10
Q
Deviate ion reconstructed & aligned with minimal cartilage & bone removal
A
Septoplasty
11
Q
Removal of deviated section of cartilage & bone
A
Sub mucosal resection
12
Q
Epitaxis
A
Nosebleed
13
Q
Complications of nasal packing
A
Septal hematoma
Septal pressure necrosis
Sinusitis
Toxic shock syndrome
14
Q
What is the cause of the common cold
A
Virus
15
Q
Common cold aka
A
Rhinitis
16
Q
Incubation time of rhinitis
A
18-48 hours
17
Q
Reaction of nasal mucosa to allergen
A
Allergic rhinitis
18
Q
Influenza symptoms have a ______ onset of respiratory symptoms
A
Abrupt
19
Q
What is a serious implication of influenza
A
Bacterial pneumonia
20
Q
Zanamivir and amantadine do what for influenza
A
Prevent & treats
21
Q
Infection of more than one sinus
A
Pan sinusitis
22
Q
What sinus is most effected
Largest sinus
A
Maxillary sinus
23
Q
What sinus can cause brain & ear infections
A
Frontal sinus
24
Q
Chronic
A
Last more than one month, reoccurring
25
Antitussives are used for
Dry hacking cough
26
Persistent infection associated with allergies and nasal polyps
Chronic sinusitis
27
What are contraindications of giving a nasal decongestants
Blow nose after medication is given
28
Benign mucous membrane masses
Polyps
29
Inflammation of pharyngeal walls may include tonsils, palate and uvula
Acute pharyngitis
30
Absence of breathing
Apnea
31
Shallow slow respirations
Hypopnea abnormally
32
Increased PaCO2
Hypercapnia
33
Decreased PaO2
Hypoxemia
34
Snoring
Morning HA
Personality changes, irritability
Frequent awakening
Sleep apnea
35
Polysomnography
Sleep study
36
Prevents food from entering lungs
| Closes over glottis during swallowing
Epiglottis
37
Larynx is composed of 3 cartilages
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
38
Inflammation of mucous membranes in lining of larynx
Laryngitis
39
What is the most common symptom of laryngeal polyps
Hoarseness
40
Examination of larynx with a lighted speculum
Direct laryngoscopy
41
What may happen to patients with laryngitis
Change in appearance that may be devastating
42
Partial removal one vocal cord
Cordectomy
43
Removal vocal cord or part requires temporary trach
Hemilarynectomy
44
Removal of structures above the cords
Supraglottic laryngectomy
45
A total laryngectomy is the removal of
```
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
1-4 tracheal rings
Resection hyoid bone
Hypopharynx muscles reconstructed
```
46
What surgery decreases lymphatic spread (matestasis)
Radical neck dissection
47
Concentrated localized method of radiation to target area
Brachytherapy
48
What is the most important thing to do post op
Assess breath sounds
| Leave call bell in reach
49
Fistula
Abnormal opening
50
Lower respiratory tract structures are
```
Trachea
Lung
Right & left mainstem bronchi
5 secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveolar sacs
```
51
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Capillary bed of the alveolar sacs
52
Windpipe
Trachea
53
Top of lung
Apex
54
Bottom of lung
Base
55
Normal tidal volume
500 mL
56
Tidal volume is
Capacity of air in lungs
57
Is there oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at the terminal bronchioles
No
58
Decrease in diameter of airways
Bronchoconstriction
59
Increase of diameter of airway
Bronchodilation
60
What does the pores of Kohn allow
Air movement from alveolus to alveolus
61
Alveolar surface composed of cells that provide
Structures & cells that secrete surfactant
62
What stimulates the production of surfactant
Deep breathing
63
Atelectasis
Collapsed airless alveoli
64
What is the waste product of tissue metabolism
Carbon dioxide
65
Ventilation
Amount of air in aveoli
66
Perfusion
Amount of blood in capillaries
67
What determines the effiency of gas exchange
Relationship between ventilation & perfusion
68
Decrease pH
| Increased CO2
Respiratory acidosis
69
Decreased pH
| Decreased HCO3
Metabolic acidosis
70
Increased pH
| Decreased CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
71
Increased pH
| Increased HCO3
Metabolic alkalosis
72
Obstruction of bronchioles
Decreased gas exchange
Increase exudate
Pneumonia
73
```
Fatigue
anorexia
Pleuritic chest pain
Chronic cough
Night sweats
Hemoptysis
```
Tuberculosis
74
```
Orthopenic
Digital clubbing
Barrel chest
Wheezing
Pursed lip breathing
Dyspneic
```
COPD
75
Pink puffer
Increase CO2 retention
Anxious
Prolonged expiratory time
Emphysema
76
Blue bloater
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Increase RR
Chronic bronchitis
77
Tachypnea
Fast breathing
78
Bradypnea
Slow breathing
79
```
Tachypnea
Hypoxia
Dyspneic
Tachycardia
Hemoptysis
Sudden sharp chest pain
```
Pulmonary embolus
80
Air in the pleural cavity resulting in lung collapse
Pneumothorax
81
Membrane covering the lungs
Visceral pleura
82
Collection of blood within the pleural space
Hemothorax
83
Cloudy fluid
Exudate
84
Watery substance clear in color
Transudate
85
Inner layer of the pleura which attaches its self to the lungs
Visceral pleural
86
Outer layer of pleural which connects to the chest wall
Parietal pleural
87
Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between ribs
Thoracentesis
88
Collection of fluid between lining of lung and wall of chest cavity
Pleural effusion
89
Bloody vomitus
Hematemesis
90
Bloody sputum
Hemoptysis
91
Ventilation is normal but perfusion is reduced or absent
Dead space ventilation
92
Pulmonary circulation is normal but not enough oxygen is available
Shunt
93
Absence of ventilation & perfusion
Silent shunt
94
Breathing in is a ______ process
Active
95
Breathing out is a ______ process
Passive
96
Elastic recoil happens during
Expiration
97
Regular rhythm but breathing is deeper and may be slow or fast
Body's response to acidosis
Kussmaul's respirations
98
Where ate the pores of kohn found
Aveoli
99
Normal ventilation to perfusion ratio
4-5
100
If you have a pt with right sided pneumonia what side would you lay them on
Left
101
If you had a pt with bilateral pneumonia what side would you lay them on
Right
102
Ball park pulmonary pressures
25/10
103
Space between lungs
Mediastinum
104
Which ribs attach directly to sternum
1-7
105
Which ribs attach to cartilage to proceeding rib
8-10
106
Which ribs are floating
11 & 12
107
Which pleura has pain fibers
Parietal pleural
108
Inter pleural pressure is
Negative
109
During inspiration the diaphragm
Contracts
110
When inspiration is difficult which muscles ate used
Scalenus
111
Tendency for lungs to recoil after being stretched or expanded
Elastic recoil
112
Restricted movement of lungs
Pleural effusion
113
Increase fluid in lungs
Pulmonary edema
114
Make lung tissue less elastic
Pulmonary fibrosis
115
The respiratory center of the CNS is located where
Medulla
116
As lungs inflate the pulmonary stretch receptors activate inspiratory center to inhibit further expansion , or over distention
Hearing Breuer reflex
117
Respiratory defense mechanisms
```
Filtration of air
Cough reflex
Reflex bronchoconstruction
Cilia
Etc
```
118
Handle like superior part of sternum joins clavicle
Manubrium
119
Paroxysmal
Irregular
120
What is the most common respiratory symptom
Cough
121
Mucupurulent
Pus
122
Expectorant of blood originating from respiratory Tracy below pharynx
Hemoptysis
123
Inspection
```
CRAMP
chest wall symmetry
RR & pattern
Accessory muscle use
Masses or scars
Paradoxical movement
```
124
Cyanosis to fingers toes tip of nose
Peripheral cyanosis
125
Is cyanosis a late or early sign?
Late
126
Normal RR
12-20
127
Rapid breathing but pause between each breath
Biot's
128
Increase deep breaths, periods of apnea
Cheyne-stokes
129
Resonance low pitch hollow sound
Normal lung
130
What are normal breath sounds sound like
Soft & breezy
131
Bubbling non musical high pitched crackling sound on inspiration
Not cleared through cough
Crackles
132
Musical sound high pitched squeaky
Wheeze
133
Continuous rumbling snoring rattling
| May clear with cough
Rhonchi
134
High pitched crowing
| Obstructed upper airway
Stridor
135
Creaking low pitched grating
Painful
Inhalation & exhalation
Pleural friction rub
136
Normal WBC
5-10 thousand
137
What dies hemoglobin do
Transports o2
138
Normal hemoglobin
Male 13-18
| Female 12-16
139
Non invasive device that measures arterial blood oxygen saturation
Pulse ox
140
Normal SaO2 pulse ox
95-100
141
Culture & sensitivity
Sterile container
| Taken in am
142
If pt's on metformin must wait 48 hours for contrast or will end up with
Renal failure
143
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled & exhaled
Vital capacity
144
Acute bronchitis is most commonly
Virus
145
Inflammation of lower respiratory tract that involves lung parenchyma, "friendly killer"
Pneumonia
146
Pneumonia onset in community or 1st 2 hospital days
Community acquired pneumonia
| Streptococcus is common cause
147
Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or longer after admission
Hospital acquired pneumonia
148
What has the highest mortality rate of nonsocomical infections
Hospital acquired pneumonia
149
Pneumonia that found in pt's that are on steroids, ca pt's, HIV pt's
Fungal
150
Pneumonia caused by Abnormal entry of secretions into lower airway
Aspiration pneumonia
151
Pneumonia caused by immune deficiencies, transplant recipients
Opportunistic pneumonia
152
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia
153
Massive dilation of capillaries alveoli fill with organisms
| Lungs apper red
Red hepatization
154
Blood flow decreases pleuritic pain, sputum may be purulent
Gray hepatization
155
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Walking pneumonia
156
Legionella
Droplet spread
157
Sudden onset chills, fever, cough
Pneumonia
158
Empyema
Pus in drainage
159
Teaching for pneumonia
Space activities so pt does not over do it
160
Bacterial infectious disease transmitted by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
161
What kills more world wide than any other infectious disease
Tuberculosis
162
How is TB spread
Droplet nuclei
163
Spread of TB requires
Close frequent prolonged exposure
164
Symptoms of pulmonary TB
Night sweats
165
What test provides confirmation of positive TB test
Acid fast bacilli
166
What is used in combination to treat TB
INH (kills actin), rifampin (kills slow growing), pyrazinamide, ethambutol (inhibits RNA)
167
What should you emphasize with TB teaching
Need for follow up for liver testing
168
Amphotericine
Very toxic
| Used for pulmonary fungal infections
169
What is he best test for fungal infections
Sputum
170
Symptom of bronchiectasis
Chronic productive cough
| Greater 20 mL purulent sputum (hemoptysis)
171
Bacteria reaches lung, leads to necrosis of tissue
Lung abscess
172
With a lung access your body try lies to
Wall off the infection
173
Collection of excess fluid in pleural space
Pleural effusion
174
Purulent pleural effusion containing pus
Empyema
175
Inflammation of pleura
Pleurisy
176
Hear a friction rub
| Loudest on inhalation
Pleurisy
177
Viral infectious disease of the respiratory system
| Atypical inflammation of lungs caused by coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS
178
Prevention of SARS
Hand washing
Cleaning contaminated surfaces
Isolation
Tissue for cough or sneeze
179
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
Boyle's law
180
Space between parietal & visceral pleura
Intrapleural space
| 20-25 mL fluid
181
What is the function of the fluid between the lungs & chest wall
Lubrication
| Cohesion
182
Is intrapleural pressure positive or negative
Negative
183
When would the intrapleural pressure become positive?
Tear in pleura (lung collapse)
184
Inspiration & expiration as result of intrathoracic pressure changes
Gas flows from higher to lower pressure area
Ventilation
185
Movement from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
Diffusion
186
Low pitched hollow normal lung
Resonance
187
Where are crackles most commonly heard
Bases of lower lungs
188
What is the pulmonary function test used for?
Measures vital capacity
189
Normal pH
7.35-7.45
190
Normal HCO3
22-26
191
Normal CO2
35-45
192
How many lobes does the right and left lungs have
Right 3 lobes
| Left 2 lobes
