Viticulture Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
How many acres of grapevines are throughout the world?
A
19 million
2
Q
How many tons of fruit are produced throughout the world?
A
70 million tons
3
Q
What percentage of fruit produced become wine?
A
70%
4
Q
What is the difference between winegrowing and viticulture?
A
Winegrowing refers to grapes to be used specifically for wine. Viticulture refers to all grapevines.
5
Q
What do you call the beginning of a vines arms?
A
Spurs
6
Q
A vine’s spurs develop into what?
A
Canes
7
Q
A vine’s thick arms are also called what?
A
Cordons
8
Q
The entire portion of the vine, including the fruit is called what?
A
The canopy
9
Q
How does a young grape protect itself from damage?
A
It is camoflauged by being green, like the leaves and by having an acidic taste so not tasty to birds.
10
Q
How do grape seeds spread naturally?
A
Via birds
11
Q
Name the methods used for grape propagation?
A
Grafting and cloning
12
Q
Describe field grafting.
A
Cutting a cane off of one vine and attaching it to the root of another vine.
13
Q
How long does is usually take for a new vine to produce usable grapes?
A
3 years, or 3 leaves
14
Q
How many years before a vine typically produces optimal quality grapes?
A
6 years.
15
Q
How long can a grapevine produce grapes?
A
10 or more years.
16
Q
Old vine refers to vines that are how old?
A
Usually 50, and more
17
Q
What latitude is best for growing grapes?
A
30 - 50 degrees
18
Q
Describe the ideal seasons for grapes to grow.
A
Long warm to hot days in summer and short cool to cold days in winter.
19
Q
Bud break begins at what temperature?
A
50 F/ 10C
20
Q
Photosynthesis begins upon the appearance of
A
Leaves
21
Q
Flowering begins how many days after bud break?
A
40 - 80 days
22
Q
What kind of weather is ideal for flowering?
A
warm & dry
23
Q
How go grapevines pollinate?
A
breezes move the pollen into the flowers of the vine
24
Q
The transitions between flower and fruit is called
A
Fruit set or berry set
25
What is coulure, or shatter?
Poor fruit set with many flowers failing to become berries
26
What is millerandage?
small berries mixed in with larger healthy berries.
27
Berries will grow for how long before veraison?
90 days
28
Veraison is most noticeable in red or white grapes?
Red
29
How long after veraison is harvest?
1 1/2 month to 2 months after veraison
30
What is meant by a grapes physiological maturity?
When the grape has developed it's color and size, phenolic compounds are developed.
31
What are the metabolic processes of a grapevine?
Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and translocation
32
Photosynthesis depends primarly on what two things?
Sunshine & temperature
33
The conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugar is called what?
Photosynthesis
34
Photosynthesis slows at what temperatures?
50F/10C and 95F/35C
35
Optimal sugar production occurs at what temperatures?
70F/20C and 85F/30C
36
Why is aspect important?
The grapes will receive more sunlight.
37
The rate of respiration doubles for every increase of what degrees of temperature?
18F
38
What is the ideal diurnal temperature range?
warm to hot days and cool to cold nights
39
The openings on the underside of leaves are know as
Stomata
40
What is transpiration and why is it important?
Transpiration is when water evaporates through the leaves.
41
The rate of transpiration is closely related to
The weather
42
The stomata also control the intake of
carbon dioxide
43
What is translocation?
The movement of materials within the plant from one part to another.
44
What metabolic process uses sugar and then uses malic acid for energy?
Respiration
45
The process of materials moved form one part of the plant to another is called
Translocation
46
The process of the vine converting CO2 and water into sugar is called
Photosynthesis
47
The process of the vine breaking down sugars and other compounds for energy is called
Respiration
48
The process of water evaporating through the stomata and cooling the vine is called
Transpiration
49
The greatest vineyard sites have what 2 things in common?
They regulate the water supply and the ground is not very fertile.
50
The biggest factor in vintage variation is
Weather
51
The most changeable and uncontrollable variable in a vineyard is
Weather
52
What natural aspects of a vineyard can have a major impact on wine?
Climate, soil, sunlight and water
53
The actual meteorological conditions isw called
Weather
54
The historical average weather of a place is called
Climate
55
The climate of a particular vineyard's row is called
Microclimate
56
The climate of the full vineyard is called
Mesoclimate
57
The overall climate of a region is called
Macroclimate
58
The sugar-acid balance in grapes is affected by
the temperature in the vineyard
59
A poor sugar-acid balance is usually due to high or low temperatures?
High
60
How many inches of water is needed annually for vines?
20 - 30
61
Growth of mold and fungus can be due to
Fog
62
How can fog benefit a vineyard?
Fog can be useful for encouraging botrytis if that style of wine is the goal. Fog can reduce the temperature in a vineyard in hotter climates.
63
Wind can interfere with what part of the vine growth process?
Flowering & pollinating
64
List the common vineyard soil examples
Clay, chalk, sand, gravel and limestone
65
Soil with very fine particles that fit tightly so water had difficulty passing through is called
Clay
66
Soil with coarse particles with little water retention is called
Sand
67
Soil particles of intermediate size is called
Silt
68
Soil with larger pieces of solid inorganic matter, which roots must pass around to reach water or nutrients is
Rock & stone
69
Soil particles may be composed of what 3 particles?
Quartz, feldspar or calcium carbonate
70
Larger diurnal temperatures are experienced at hight or lower altitudes?
Higher
71
Hillside vineyard have more or less frost issues?
Less
72
Vineyards near larger bodies of water experience higher or lower temperature variations?
Lower
73
What climate has warm, dry summers, mild wet winters and low humidity?
Mediterranean
74
What climate is caused by planetary scale air mass circulation?
Mediterranean
75
The 3 climates most applicable to wine regions are
Maritime, Continental and Mediterranean
76
What climate is in influenced by an ocean, with high rainfall and mild temperatures overall?
Maritime
77
What climate has hotter summers, colder winters and may have less precipitation?
Continental
78
Grapevine diseases can be cause by what 3 things
Viruses, Fungi & bacteria
79
Propagating infected vine cuttings can result in what type of disease? Bacterial or Viral
Viral
80
A disease spread by insects and animals is referred to as what type of disease? Bacterial or Viral.
Bacterial
81
The bacterial contamination of a vine resulting in premature leaf fall is known as
Pierces disease
82
Pierces disease is caused by what insect?
Glassy winged sharpshooter
83
Fungal diseases are generally spread by
airborne spores in humid conditions
84
Powdery mildew is also known as
Oidium
85
Dawny mildew is also known as
Peronospora
86
Gray mold is also known as
Botrytis cinerea
87
Edelfaule is also known as
Botrytis cinerea
88
Pourriture noble is also knows as
Botrytis cinerea
89
Botrytis characteristic aroma has been described as being similar to
Honeysuckle
90
Morning fog followed by sun can encourage what disease that produced sweet dessert wines?
Botrytis cinerea
91
Phylloxera is native to what country?
US
92
The tiny louse responsible for the devestation of Europe's vineyards is called
Phylloxera
93
What type of soil is inhospitable to phylloxera?
Sand
94
Name 2 soil based grapevine pests
Phylloxera and nematodes
95
The roundworm the feeds on a vines roots is known as
Nematodes
96
What crop can be used as a biofumigant against nematodes?
Mustard
97
In what period within the life cycle of a vine does pruning, removing excess foliage and branches occur?
Winter, post harvest. Excess foliage is removed during the early growth to encourage photosynthesis, and leave removal can is also done during veraison.
98
How many nodes will a typical grower leave on a vine?
A dozen
99
Name two pruning stratagies/methods.
Cane & spur pruning
100
Describe cane pruning.
Canes grow off the root at the head. One or two canes are left to be trained on a wire for the next year's growth.
101
Describe spur pruning.
The vine has cordons which then have spurs located about 4 - 6 inches apart. Each spur grows canes that are pruned back.
102
Techniques that alter the position of number of clusters are collectively known as
Canopy management and training systems
103
What training system is generally used around the world
The trellis training system
104
Name 4 common vine training systems.
Pergola, bush/head, Guyot and Cordon
105
Describe bush or dead training
No trellis is used.
106
What cone pruned system has canes trained along a wire all in one direction?
Guyot system
107
The Guyot training system uses what pruning technique?
Cane pruning
108
The bush/head training system uses what pruning technique?
Spur pruning
109
The cordon training system uses what pruning technique?
Spur pruning
110
Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) is used in which training systems?
Guyot and cordon systems
111
In the US the sugar level in the must is measured in
Degrees Brix
112
What is the most common tool used to measure grape sugar?
Refractometer
113
What is the calculation to determine the potential alchohol level when you know the Brix?
Divide by 2
114
What is the name of the unit of measurement for grape sugar in France?
Baume
115
What is the name of the unit of measurement for grape sugar in Germany?
Oechsle
116
What country uses Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW) as their until of measurement of grape sugar?
Austria & Switzerland
117
What metabolic process uses sunlight and cholorphyll to convert carbon dioxide into sugar?
Photosynthesis
118
What metabolic process is closely related to sunshine?
Photosynthesis
119
Warm, long days, minimal shading and Southern (or Northern) aspect are ideal conditions for what metabolic process?
Photosynthesis
120
What metabolic process is closely related to temperature?
Respiration
121
What is the metabolic process in which the plant brakes down sugars (or other compounds) in order to use their energy?
Respiration
122
What metabolic process can be discribed as:
| Warm temperatures=fast respiration=loss of malic acid
Respiration
123
What metabolic process uses sugar, and when sugar is not available, uses malic acid for energy?
Respiration
124
What metabolic process is closely related to weather?
Transpiration
125
What metabolic process involves water evaporating through the stomata to cool the vine?
Transpiration
126
Put these four soil types in order from smallest in particle size to largest: rocks, silt, clay and sand
Clay, silt, sand, rocks
127
What metabolic process breaks down sugar and converts it to biological energy?
Respiration
