Week 1

Question 1

Where is information integrated?
A. Gray Matter
B. White Matter

Answer 1

A. Gray Matter

Question 2

Axons convey information BLANK from the cell body
A. Toward
B. Away

Answer 2

B. Away
Axons convey information away from the cell body.

Question 3

Myelin

Answer 3

Insulates the electrical conduction of axons

Myelin appears white because of the high fat content of myelin

Question 4

How many hemispheres make the cerebellum?

Answer 4

Two Hemispheres

Question 5

Peduncles

Answer 5

Large bundles of fibers that connect to the posterior brainstem

Question 6

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 6

The function is to coordinate movements.

Question 7

What does Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) do?

Answer 7

Circulates from cavities inside the brain to the surface of the CNS and is reabsored into the venous blood system

Question 8

What is CSF?

Answer 8

Modified filtrate of plasma.

Question 9

How many ventricles are there in relation to CFS?

Answer 9

4 Ventricles

Question 10

What are the four ventricles?

CFS

Answer 10

Pair of lateral ventricles located in the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle that is a midline slit in the diencephalon
Fourth ventricle located posterior to the pons and medulla and anterior to the cerebellum

Question 11

Neuron

Answer 11

Neurons receive information, process it, and generate output

Question 12

What are the parts of a nueron?

Answer 12

Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic Terminals

Question 13

Glia

Answer 13

Cells that support neurons and some send signals

Question 14

Stem Cells

Answer 14

Precursors to neurons and glial cells

Question 15

Synapse

Answer 15

The site of contact between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another

Question 16

Neurotransmitters can be…?
A. Excitatory
B. Inhibitory
C. Both
D. Neither

Answer 16

C. Both
Neurotransmitters can be excitatory and inhibitory.

Question 17

Name 6 Neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate

Question 18

What is the function of serotonin?

Answer 18

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Question 19

What is the function of dopamine?

Answer 19

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Question 20

What is the function of ACh?

Answer 20

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Question 21

What is the function of norepinephrine?

Answer 21

Helps control alertness and arousal

Question 22

What is the function of GABA?

Answer 22

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 23

What are problems caused by serotonin imbalances?

Answer 23

Undersupply linked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels

Question 24

What are problems caused by dopamine imbalances?

Answer 24

Oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease and ADHD

Question 25

**What are problems caused by ACh imbalances?**

Answer 25

ACh-producing neurons deteriorate as Alzheimer's disease progresses

Question 26

**What are problems caused by Norepinephrine imbalances?**

Answer 26

Undersupply can depress mood and cause ADHD-like attention problems

Question 27

**What are problems caused by GABA imbalances?**

Answer 27

Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Question 28

**What are problems caused by glutamate imbalances?**

Answer 28

Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures; this is why some people avoid MSG in food

Question 29

**Which subclass of bipolar cells are the most common?** A. Dendritic Cells B. Multipolar Cells C. Pseudounipolar Cells D. Retinal Bipolar Cells

Answer 29

**C. Pseudounipolar Cells** | The most common of these types of cells are sensory neurons

Question 30

**True/False** The longest somatosensory neurons extend from the tip of fingers to the brainstem.

Answer 30

**False** The longest somatosensory neurons extend from the tip of the toe to the brainstem.

Question 31

**What are the most common cells in the vertebrate nervous system?** A. Pseudounipolar Cells B. Bipolar Cells C. Afferent Cells D. Multipolar Cells E. Both A and B

Answer 31

**D. Multipolar Cells**

Question 32

**What do ion channels do?**

Answer 32

Open and Close

Question 33

**Myelination...** A. Provides insulation B. Increases the speed of action potential propogation C. Thicker myelin leads to faster conduction D. All of the Above

Answer 33

**D. All of the Above**

Question 34

**Where are Schwann Cells found?**

Answer 34

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 35

**The Nodes of Ranvier allow what to flow across the membrane?**

Answer 35

Ions ## Footnote Action potential spreads rapidly along a myelinated region, slows when crossing the Node of Ranvier

Question 36

**What type of information do afferent neurons carry?**

Answer 36

Sensory Information ## Footnote Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the outer body (peripheral) toward the CNS

Question 37

**What type of information do efferent neurons carry?**

Answer 37

Motor Commands ## Footnote Efferent neurons relay commands from the CNS to smooth and striated muscles and to glands.

Question 38

**What do interneurons do?**

Answer 38

Interneurons act throughout the nervous system, *processing information locally or conveying information short distances*; largest class of neurons.

Question 39

**Schwann Cells can myelinate how many axons at a time?**

Answer 39

Can only myelinate one axon at a time | Found in the PNS

Question 40

**Oligodendrocyes can myelinate how many axons at a time?**

Answer 40

Can myelinate parts of several axons from different neurons | Found in the CNS

Question 41

**What do Glia do?**

Answer 41

Supporting tissue of neurons within CNS

Question 42

**What types of glia cells are there?** A. Microglia, Oligodendroglia, and Astrocytes B. Oligodendroglia, Blastocytes, and Astrocytes C. Astrocytes, Blastocytes, and Microglia D. Blastocytes, Microglia, Oligodendroglia

Answer 42

A. Microglia, Oligodendroglia, and Astrocytes

Question 43

**What type of glia cell acts as the immune system of the CNS?**

Answer 43

**Microglia** act as the immune system of the CNS and clean the neural environment by removing debris from the dying cells.

Question 44

**What type of glia cell is essential for normal healing following a stroke, taumatic brain injury, or CNS infection?** A. Oligodendroglia B. Microglia C. Astrocytes D. None of the above

Answer 44

B. Microglia | small, function as phagocytes

Question 45

**The loss of which type of glia cell accompanies demylenation diseases such as later stages of MS?** A. Oligodendroglia B. Microglia C. Astrocytes D. None of the above

Answer 45

A. Oligodendroglia

Question 46

**What type of glia cell works to fill the communication gap between the neuron and vasculature?** A. Oligodendroglia B. Microglia C. Astrocytes D. None of the above

Answer 46

C. Astrocytes | Essential for cleaning in the CNS

Question 47

**Blood-Brain Barrier**

Answer 47

a dynamic, selective permeability barrier that separates circulating blood from the extracellular fluid of the brain

Question 48

**What barrier prevents toxins and pathogens from contacting neurons?** | Brain

Answer 48

Blood-Brain Barrier

Question 49

**Convergence**

Answer 49

Multiple inputs from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron ## Footnote Contributes to the distribution of information throughout the nervous system

Question 50

**Divergence**

Answer 50

Single neuron with many branches that terminate on a multitude of cells ## Footnote Contributes to the distribution of information throughout the nervous system

Question 51

**Guillain-Barré Syndrome**

Answer 51

Involves acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral sensory and motor fibers

Question 52

**When a client has Guillain-Barré Syndrome what might they have difficulty with?** A. Chewing, Swallowing B. Speaking and Facial Expressions C. Pain that can be prominent D. All of the above

Answer 52

D. All of the above | Because it becomes extremely exhausting

Question 53

**Guillain-Barré Syndrome typically has what type of recovery?** A. Rapid Recovery B. Gradual Recovery C. No Recovery

Answer 53

B. Gradual Recovery *Onset is rapid, but followed by plateau then gradual recovery; recovery is usually complete*

Question 54

**When does MS occur?**

Answer 54

When the immune system produces antibodies that attack oligodendrocytes, producing plaques in the white matter of the CNS | Diagnosis is difficult

Question 55

**Signs and Symptoms of CNS Demyelination** | MS

Answer 55

Weakness Lack of Coordination Impaired Vision Double Vision Impaired Sensation Slurred Speech Disruption of memory and emotions

Question 56

**What are the four types of MS?**

Answer 56

Relapsing/Remitting MS Secondary Progressive MS Primary Progressive MS Progressive Relapsing MS