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OTD 7210 Neuroscience > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is information integrated?
A. Gray Matter
B. White Matter

A

A. Gray Matter

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2
Q

Axons convey information BLANK from the cell body
A. Toward
B. Away

A

B. Away
Axons convey information away from the cell body.

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3
Q

Myelin

A

Insulates the electrical conduction of axons

Myelin appears white because of the high fat content of myelin

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4
Q

How many hemispheres make the cerebellum?

A

Two Hemispheres

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5
Q

Peduncles

A

Large bundles of fibers that connect to the posterior brainstem

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6
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

The function is to coordinate movements.

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7
Q

What does Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) do?

A

Circulates from cavities inside the brain to the surface of the CNS and is reabsored into the venous blood system

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8
Q

What is CSF?

A

Modified filtrate of plasma.

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9
Q

How many ventricles are there in relation to CFS?

A

4 Ventricles

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10
Q

What are the four ventricles?

CFS

A

Pair of lateral ventricles located in the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle that is a midline slit in the diencephalon
Fourth ventricle located posterior to the pons and medulla and anterior to the cerebellum

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11
Q

Neuron

A

Neurons receive information, process it, and generate output

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12
Q

What are the parts of a nueron?

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic Terminals

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13
Q

Glia

A

Cells that support neurons and some send signals

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14
Q

Stem Cells

A

Precursors to neurons and glial cells

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15
Q

Synapse

A

The site of contact between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters can be…?
A. Excitatory
B. Inhibitory
C. Both
D. Neither

A

C. Both
Neurotransmitters can be excitatory and inhibitory.

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17
Q

Name 6 Neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate

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18
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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19
Q

What is the function of dopamine?

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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20
Q

What is the function of ACh?

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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21
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine?

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

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22
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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23
Q

What are problems caused by serotonin imbalances?

A

Undersupply linked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels

24
Q

What are problems caused by dopamine imbalances?

A

Oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease and ADHD

25
Q

What are problems caused by ACh imbalances?

A

ACh-producing neurons deteriorate as Alzheimer’s disease progresses

26
Q

What are problems caused by Norepinephrine imbalances?

A

Undersupply can depress mood and cause ADHD-like attention problems

27
Q

What are problems caused by GABA imbalances?

A

Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

28
Q

What are problems caused by glutamate imbalances?

A

Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures; this is why some people avoid MSG in food

29
Q

Which subclass of bipolar cells are the most common?

A. Dendritic Cells
B. Multipolar Cells
C. Pseudounipolar Cells
D. Retinal Bipolar Cells

A

C. Pseudounipolar Cells

The most common of these types of cells are sensory neurons

30
Q

True/False
The longest somatosensory neurons extend from the tip of fingers to the brainstem.

A

False
The longest somatosensory neurons extend from the tip of the toe to the brainstem.

31
Q

What are the most common cells in the vertebrate nervous system?
A. Pseudounipolar Cells
B. Bipolar Cells
C. Afferent Cells
D. Multipolar Cells
E. Both A and B

A

D. Multipolar Cells

32
Q

What do ion channels do?

A

Open and Close

33
Q

Myelination…
A. Provides insulation
B. Increases the speed of action potential propogation
C. Thicker myelin leads to faster conduction
D. All of the Above

A

D. All of the Above

34
Q

Where are Schwann Cells found?

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

35
Q

The Nodes of Ranvier allow what to flow across the membrane?

A

Ions

Action potential spreads rapidly along a myelinated region, slows when crossing the Node of Ranvier

36
Q

What type of information do afferent neurons carry?

A

Sensory Information

Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the outer body (peripheral) toward the CNS

37
Q

What type of information do efferent neurons carry?

A

Motor Commands

Efferent neurons relay commands from the CNS to smooth and striated muscles and to glands.

38
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Interneurons act throughout the nervous system, processing information locally or conveying information short distances; largest class of neurons.

39
Q

Schwann Cells can myelinate how many axons at a time?

A

Can only myelinate one axon at a time

Found in the PNS

40
Q

Oligodendrocyes can myelinate how many axons at a time?

A

Can myelinate parts of several axons from different neurons

Found in the CNS

41
Q

What do Glia do?

A

Supporting tissue of neurons within CNS

42
Q

What types of glia cells are there?
A. Microglia, Oligodendroglia, and Astrocytes
B. Oligodendroglia, Blastocytes, and Astrocytes
C. Astrocytes, Blastocytes, and Microglia
D. Blastocytes, Microglia, Oligodendroglia

A

A. Microglia, Oligodendroglia, and Astrocytes

43
Q

What type of glia cell acts as the immune system of the CNS?

A

Microglia act as the immune system of the CNS and clean the neural environment by removing debris from the dying cells.

44
Q

What type of glia cell is essential for normal healing following a stroke, taumatic brain injury, or CNS infection?
A. Oligodendroglia
B. Microglia
C. Astrocytes
D. None of the above

A

B. Microglia

small, function as phagocytes

45
Q

The loss of which type of glia cell accompanies demylenation diseases such as later stages of MS?
A. Oligodendroglia
B. Microglia
C. Astrocytes
D. None of the above

A

A. Oligodendroglia

46
Q

What type of glia cell works to fill the communication gap between the neuron and vasculature?
A. Oligodendroglia
B. Microglia
C. Astrocytes
D. None of the above

A

C. Astrocytes

Essential for cleaning in the CNS

47
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

a dynamic, selective permeability barrier that separates circulating blood from the extracellular fluid of the brain

48
Q

What barrier prevents toxins and pathogens from contacting neurons?

Brain

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

49
Q

Convergence

A

Multiple inputs from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron

Contributes to the distribution of information throughout the nervous system

50
Q

Divergence

A

Single neuron with many branches that terminate on a multitude of cells

Contributes to the distribution of information throughout the nervous system

51
Q

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

A

Involves acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral sensory and motor fibers

52
Q

When a client has Guillain-Barré Syndrome what might they have difficulty with?
A. Chewing, Swallowing
B. Speaking and Facial Expressions
C. Pain that can be prominent
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Because it becomes extremely exhausting

53
Q

Guillain-Barré Syndrome typically has what type of recovery?
A. Rapid Recovery
B. Gradual Recovery
C. No Recovery

A

B. Gradual Recovery

Onset is rapid, but followed by plateau then gradual recovery; recovery is usually complete

54
Q

When does MS occur?

A

When the immune system produces antibodies that attack oligodendrocytes, producing plaques in the white matter of the CNS

Diagnosis is difficult

55
Q

Signs and Symptoms of CNS Demyelination

MS

A

Weakness
Lack of Coordination
Impaired Vision
Double Vision
Impaired Sensation
Slurred Speech
Disruption of memory and emotions

56
Q

What are the four types of MS?

A

Relapsing/Remitting MS
Secondary Progressive MS
Primary Progressive MS
Progressive Relapsing MS

OTD 7210 Neuroscience (13 decks)

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