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OTD 7210 Neuroscience > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of an optimal internal environment, including body temperature and chemical composition of tissues and fluids

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2
Q

What are the receptors of the ANS?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors

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3
Q

What type of receptor responds to pressure and to stretch?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

A

A. Mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

What type of receptor responds to stretch and ischemia?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

A

B. Nociceptors

responsive to stimuli that threaten or damage tissue; located in viscera and walls of arteries

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5
Q

What type of receptoris sensitive to chemical concentrations in the blood?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

A

C. Chemoreceptors

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6
Q

What type of receptor responds to very small changes in the temperature of circulating blood (hypothalamus)?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

A

D. Thermoreceptors

Also responds to external temperature changes (cutaneous)

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves convey autonomic afferent information?
A. Facial, Olfactory, Trochlear Nerves
B. Glossopharyngeal, Facial, Trigeminal Nerves
C. Vagus, Trochlear, Facial Nerves
D. Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus Nerves

A

D. Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus Nerves

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8
Q

How does information from visceral receptors enter the CNS?
A. Into the brainstem via cranial nerves
B. Into the spinal cord via dorsal roots
C. Into the brainstem via dorsal roots
D. Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

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9
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain perceived as coming from a site distinct from the actual site of origin

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10
Q

What is the main controller of homeostasis?
A. Thalamus
B. Pons
C. Medulla
D. Hypothalamus

A

D. Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Where is the visceral information that is projected mainly to the memory system, which is a collection of cerebral areas involved in emotion, mood, and motivation, coming from?
A. Thalamus
B. Pons
C. Medulla
D. Memory System

A

A. Thalamus

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12
Q

Autonomic efferent neurons are classified as…?
A. Sympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Parasympathetic
D. Both A and C

A

**D. Both A and C

Autonomic efferent neurons are classified as sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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13
Q

True/False
Preganglionic neuron connects the gangliion with the effector organ.

A

False
Preganglionic neuron extends from the CNS to the ganglion.

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14
Q

What type of neuron connects the ganglion with the effector organ?
A. Preganglionic Neuron
B. Ganglion Neuron
C. Postganglionic Neuron
D. None of the Above

A

C. Postganglionic Neuron

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15
Q

What type of pathway uses one neuron?
A. Autonomic Efferent Pathways
B. Somatic Efferent Pathways
C. Motor Efferent Pathways
D. None of the Above

A

B. Somatic Efferent Pathways

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16
Q

What type of pathway uses two neuron with a synapse outside the CNS?
A. Autonomic Efferent Pathways
B. Somatic Efferent Pathways
C. Motor Efferent Pathways
D. None of the Above

A

A. Autonomic Efferent Pathways

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17
Q

True/False
All CNS output is delivered by somatic or autonomic efferent neurons.

A

True

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18
Q

The primary role of this Nervous System is to maintain optimal blood supply in the organs.
A. Parasympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Sympathetic
D. Both A and C

A

C. Sympathetic

Relates to fight or flight

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19
Q

The principal functions of this Nervous System are energy conservation and storage.
A. Parasympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Sympathetic
D. Both A and C

A

A. Parasympathetic

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20
Q

Which nervous system decreases cardiac activity, facilitates digestion, increases secretions in lungs, eyes, and mouth, controls voiding of bowel and bladder, and controls sexual organs?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Sympathetic
D. Both A and C

A

A. Parasympathetic

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21
Q

True/False
The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity are synergistic.

A

True

Their opposing actions are balanced to provide optimal organ function.

22
Q

True/False
Autonomic efferent systems have separate, opposed effects.

A

False
Autonomic efferent systems have separate, unopposed effects.

23
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

Clinical Correlations

A

If a lesion affects the sympathetic pathway to the head, sympathetic activity on one side of the head is decreased.
Occurs with lesions of the descending sympathetic tract, upper thoracic spinal cord, brachial plexus, or cervical sympathetic chain

24
Q

Peripheral Region

Clinical Correlations

A

If peripheral nerve is severed, interruption of sympathetic efferents causes loss of vascular control, temperature regulation, and sweating

25
Q

Spinal Region

Clinical Correlations

A

Complete spinal cord lesion interrupts all communication between cord below the lesion and the brain.
Complete lesions above the midthoracic level isolate much of the cord from control by the brain.

26
Q

Brainstem Region

Clinical Connections

A

Lesions in brainstem may interfere with descending control of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

27
Q

Cerebral Region

Clinical Correlations

A

Obesity, anorexia, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and emotional displays dissociated from feelings can occur.

28
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

Clinical Correlations

A

Decrease of at least 20 mm Hg systolic blood pressure or 10 mm Hg diastolic pressure during the first 3 minutes of standing

29
Q

What is a brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood blow in the brain?
A. Syncope
B. Vertigo
C. Fatigue
D. None of the Above

A

A. Syncope

Fainting

30
Q

True/False
Somatosensation is sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal systems.

A

True

31
Q

Information from the musculoskeletal system includes __ and __.
A. Nociception and Chemoreceptors
B. Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors
C. Mechanoreceptors and Proprioception
D. Proprioception and Nociception

A

D. Proprioception and Nociception

Information from the musculoskeletal system includes proprioception and nociception.

32
Q

What are the functions of somatosensation?

A

Investigating the world
Accurate movements
Avoiding or minimizing injuries

33
Q

Proprioception

A

The sense of the position of parts of our body and force being generated during movement.

34
Q

How many neuron pathways are used to convey somatosensory information?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

A

C. 3

Three neuron pathways convey somatosensory information to the cerebral cortex.

35
Q

What type of receptor fires the entire time a stimulus is present?
A. Phasic Receptor
B. Tonic Receptor
C. Chemoreceptor
D. None of the Above

A

B. Tonic Receptor

36
Q

What type of receptor alerts the body about a change in a stimulus?
A. Phasic Receptor
B. Tonic Receptor
C. Chemoreceptor
D. None of the Above

A

A. Phasic Receptor

Adapts to a constant stimulus and stops responding while stimulus is still present. Then alerts the body when there is a change in stimulus.

37
Q

True/False
Smaller diameter axons transmit information faster than larger diameter afferents.

A

False
Larger diameter axons transmit information faster than smaller diameter afferents.

Somatosensory First-Order Neurons

38
Q

What receptor is stimulated following tissue injury?
A. Mechanoreceptor
B. Chemoreceptor
C. Nociceptor
D. Thermoreceptor

A

C. Nociceptor

Following tissue injury, peripheral sensitization also occurs.

39
Q

What regions of the body have a greater density of receptors?
A. Distal Region
B. Medial Region
C. Proximal Region
D. Both A and C

A

A. Distal Region

Distal regions of the body have a greater density of receptors than proximal areas

40
Q

Peripheral nerves connect motor or sensory end-organs with which nervous system?
A. Parasympathetic Nervous System
B. Autonomic Nervous System
C. Peripheral Somatosensory System
D. Central Nervous System

A

D. Central Nervous System

41
Q

Dermatomes

A

The area of skin innervated by axons that enter the spinal cord through a single dorsal root.

42
Q

True/False
For the trunk, spinal dorsal roots are continuous with peripheral nerves.

A

True
For the trunk, spinal dorsal roots are continuous with peripheral nerves, so no difference between dermatomes and peripheral innervation

43
Q

What are the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation for the limbs?
A. Peripheral Nerve and Dermatome
B. Dermatome and Afferent Nerves
C. Afferent Nerves and Dorsal Root
D. Dorsal Root and Peripheral Nerve

A

A. Peripheral Nerve and Dermatome

For the limbs the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation are peripheral nerve and dermatome

44
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

The spindle is the sensory organ embedded in muscle.

45
Q

What is the purpose of spindle intrafusal fibers?
A. Deter sensation, generate external force
B. Provide sensation, generate external force
C. Deter sensation, not generate external force
D. Provide sensation, not generate external force

A

D. Provide sensation, not generate external force

46
Q

Primary endings of type 1a neurons are affected by what receptor?
A. Tonic Receptors
B. Phasic Receptors
C. Afferent Receptors
D. Thermoreceptors

A

B. Phasic Receptors

Primary endings of type 1a neurons wrap around the central region of each intrafusal fiber
Are phasic receptors: firing is maximal during quick stretch of muscle

47
Q

Secondary endings of type 2 neurons are affected by what receptor?
A. Tonic Receptors
B. Phasic Receptors
C. Afferent Receptors
D. Thermoreceptors

A

A. Tonic Receptors

Secondary endings of type II afferents end mainly on nuclear chain fibers adjacent to the primary endings
Are tonic receptors: firing is proportional to the amount of stretch placed on the muscle

48
Q

What is the function of spindle efferents?

A

To maintain sensitivity of the spindle, throughout the normal range of muscle lengths.

49
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs are sensitive to very slight changes in __ on a tendon.
A. Tension
B. Heat
C. Pain
D. None of the Above

A

A. Tension

Golgi tendon organs are sensitive to very slight changes in tension on a tendon and respond to tension exerted both by active contraction and by passive stretch of musculotendinous unit.

50
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) is an infection of __.
A. Dorsal Root Ganglion
B. Golgi Tendon Organs
C. Cranial Nerve Ganglion
D. Both A and C

A

D. Both A and C

Infection of a dorsal root ganglion or a cranial nerve ganglion with varicella-zoster virus.

51
Q

Neuropathy

A

The general term for dysfunction or pathology of one or more peripheral nerves

52
Q

Lesions affecting peripheral nerves may cause what?

A

Gain of function: increased sensitivity
Loss of function: decreased or total loss of somatosensation

OTD 7210 Neuroscience (13 decks)

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