Week 4

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The maintenance of an optimal internal environment, including body temperature and chemical composition of tissues and fluids

Question 2

What are the receptors of the ANS?

Answer 2

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors

Question 3

What type of receptor responds to pressure and to stretch?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

Answer 3

A. Mechanoreceptors

Question 4

What type of receptor responds to stretch and ischemia?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

Answer 4

B. Nociceptors

responsive to stimuli that threaten or damage tissue; located in viscera and walls of arteries

Question 5

What type of receptoris sensitive to chemical concentrations in the blood?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

Answer 5

C. Chemoreceptors

Question 6

What type of receptor responds to very small changes in the temperature of circulating blood (hypothalamus)?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Thermoreceptors

Answer 6

D. Thermoreceptors

Also responds to external temperature changes (cutaneous)

Question 7

Which cranial nerves convey autonomic afferent information?
A. Facial, Olfactory, Trochlear Nerves
B. Glossopharyngeal, Facial, Trigeminal Nerves
C. Vagus, Trochlear, Facial Nerves
D. Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus Nerves

Answer 7

D. Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus Nerves

Question 8

How does information from visceral receptors enter the CNS?
A. Into the brainstem via cranial nerves
B. Into the spinal cord via dorsal roots
C. Into the brainstem via dorsal roots
D. Both A and B

Answer 8

D. Both A and B

Question 9

Referred Pain

Answer 9

Pain perceived as coming from a site distinct from the actual site of origin

Question 10

What is the main controller of homeostasis?
A. Thalamus
B. Pons
C. Medulla
D. Hypothalamus

Answer 10

D. Hypothalamus

Question 11

Where is the visceral information that is projected mainly to the memory system, which is a collection of cerebral areas involved in emotion, mood, and motivation, coming from?
A. Thalamus
B. Pons
C. Medulla
D. Memory System

Answer 11

A. Thalamus

Question 12

Autonomic efferent neurons are classified as…?
A. Sympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Parasympathetic
D. Both A and C

Answer 12

**D. Both A and C

Autonomic efferent neurons are classified as sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 13

True/False
Preganglionic neuron connects the gangliion with the effector organ.

Answer 13

False
Preganglionic neuron extends from the CNS to the ganglion.

Question 14

What type of neuron connects the ganglion with the effector organ?
A. Preganglionic Neuron
B. Ganglion Neuron
C. Postganglionic Neuron
D. None of the Above

Answer 14

C. Postganglionic Neuron

Question 15

What type of pathway uses one neuron?
A. Autonomic Efferent Pathways
B. Somatic Efferent Pathways
C. Motor Efferent Pathways
D. None of the Above

Answer 15

B. Somatic Efferent Pathways

Question 16

What type of pathway uses two neuron with a synapse outside the CNS?
A. Autonomic Efferent Pathways
B. Somatic Efferent Pathways
C. Motor Efferent Pathways
D. None of the Above

Answer 16

A. Autonomic Efferent Pathways

Question 17

True/False
All CNS output is delivered by somatic or autonomic efferent neurons.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The primary role of this Nervous System is to maintain optimal blood supply in the organs.
A. Parasympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Sympathetic
D. Both A and C

Answer 18

C. Sympathetic

Relates to fight or flight

Question 19

The principal functions of this Nervous System are energy conservation and storage.
A. Parasympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Sympathetic
D. Both A and C

Answer 19

A. Parasympathetic

Question 20

Which nervous system decreases cardiac activity, facilitates digestion, increases secretions in lungs, eyes, and mouth, controls voiding of bowel and bladder, and controls sexual organs?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Sympathetic
D. Both A and C

Answer 20

A. Parasympathetic

Question 21

True/False
The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity are synergistic.

Answer 21

True

Their opposing actions are balanced to provide optimal organ function.

Question 22

True/False
Autonomic efferent systems have separate, opposed effects.

Answer 22

False
Autonomic efferent systems have separate, unopposed effects.

Question 23

Horner’s Syndrome

Clinical Correlations

Answer 23

If a lesion affects the sympathetic pathway to the head, sympathetic activity on one side of the head is decreased.
Occurs with lesions of the descending sympathetic tract, upper thoracic spinal cord, brachial plexus, or cervical sympathetic chain

Question 24

Peripheral Region

Clinical Correlations

Answer 24

If peripheral nerve is severed, interruption of sympathetic efferents causes loss of vascular control, temperature regulation, and sweating

Question 25

**Spinal Region** | Clinical Correlations

Answer 25

Complete spinal cord lesion interrupts all communication between cord below the lesion and the brain. Complete lesions above the midthoracic level isolate much of the cord from control by the brain.

Question 26

**Brainstem Region** | Clinical Connections

Answer 26

Lesions in brainstem may interfere with descending control of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

Question 27

**Cerebral Region** | Clinical Correlations

Answer 27

Obesity, anorexia, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and emotional displays dissociated from feelings can occur.

Question 28

**Orthostatic Hypotension** | Clinical Correlations

Answer 28

Decrease of at least 20 mm Hg systolic blood pressure or 10 mm Hg diastolic pressure during the first 3 minutes of standing

Question 29

**What is a brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood blow in the brain?** A. Syncope B. Vertigo C. Fatigue D. None of the Above

Answer 29

**A. Syncope** | Fainting

Question 30

**True/False** Somatosensation is sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal systems.

Answer 30

**True**

Question 31

**Information from the musculoskeletal system includes __ and __.** A. Nociception and Chemoreceptors B. Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors C. Mechanoreceptors and Proprioception D. Proprioception and Nociception

Answer 31

**D. Proprioception and Nociception** ## Footnote Information from the musculoskeletal system includes proprioception and nociception.

Question 32

**What are the functions of somatosensation?**

Answer 32

Investigating the world Accurate movements Avoiding or minimizing injuries

Question 33

**Proprioception**

Answer 33

The sense of the position of parts of our body and force being generated during movement.

Question 34

**How many neuron pathways are used to convey somatosensory information?** A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Answer 34

**C. 3** ## Footnote Three neuron pathways convey somatosensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Question 35

**What type of receptor fires the entire time a stimulus is present?** A. Phasic Receptor B. Tonic Receptor C. Chemoreceptor D. None of the Above

Answer 35

**B. Tonic Receptor**

Question 36

**What type of receptor alerts the body about a change in a stimulus?** A. Phasic Receptor B. Tonic Receptor C. Chemoreceptor D. None of the Above

Answer 36

**A. Phasic Receptor** *Adapts to a constant stimulus and stops responding while stimulus is still present. Then alerts the body when there is a change in stimulus.*

Question 37

**True/False** Smaller diameter axons transmit information faster than larger diameter afferents.

Answer 37

**False** Larger diameter axons transmit information faster than smaller diameter afferents. | Somatosensory First-Order Neurons

Question 38

**What receptor is stimulated following tissue injury?** A. Mechanoreceptor B. Chemoreceptor C. Nociceptor D. Thermoreceptor

Answer 38

**C. Nociceptor** ## Footnote Following tissue injury, peripheral sensitization also occurs.

Question 39

**What regions of the body have a greater density of receptors?** A. Distal Region B. Medial Region C. Proximal Region D. Both A and C

Answer 39

**A. Distal Region** *Distal regions of the body have a greater density of receptors than proximal areas*

Question 40

**Peripheral nerves connect motor or sensory end-organs with which nervous system?** A. Parasympathetic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous System C. Peripheral Somatosensory System D. Central Nervous System

Answer 40

**D. Central Nervous System**

Question 41

**Dermatomes**

Answer 41

The area of skin innervated by axons that enter the spinal cord through a single dorsal root.

Question 42

**True/False** For the trunk, spinal dorsal roots are continuous with peripheral nerves.

Answer 42

**True** For the trunk, spinal dorsal roots are continuous with peripheral nerves, *so no difference between dermatomes and peripheral innervation *

Question 43

**What are the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation for the limbs?** A. Peripheral Nerve and Dermatome B. Dermatome and Afferent Nerves C. Afferent Nerves and Dorsal Root D. Dorsal Root and Peripheral Nerve

Answer 43

**A. Peripheral Nerve and Dermatome** *For the limbs the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation are peripheral nerve and dermatome   *

Question 44

**Muscle Spindle**

Answer 44

The spindle is the sensory organ embedded in muscle.

Question 45

**What is the purpose of spindle intrafusal fibers?** A. Deter sensation, generate external force B. Provide sensation, generate external force C. Deter sensation, not generate external force D. Provide sensation, not generate external force

Answer 45

**D. Provide sensation, not generate external force**

Question 46

**Primary endings of type 1a neurons are affected by what receptor?** A. Tonic Receptors B. Phasic Receptors C. Afferent Receptors D. Thermoreceptors

Answer 46

**B. Phasic Receptors** *Primary endings of type 1a neurons wrap around the central region of each intrafusal fiber Are phasic receptors: firing is maximal during quick stretch of muscle*

Question 47

**Secondary endings of type 2 neurons are affected by what receptor?** A. Tonic Receptors B. Phasic Receptors C. Afferent Receptors D. Thermoreceptors

Answer 47

**A. Tonic Receptors** *Secondary endings of type II afferents end mainly on nuclear chain fibers adjacent to the primary endings Are tonic receptors: firing is proportional to the amount of stretch placed on the muscle*

Question 48

**What is the function of spindle efferents?**

Answer 48

To maintain sensitivity of the spindle, throughout the normal range of muscle lengths.

Question 49

**Golgi Tendon Organs are sensitive to very slight changes in __ on a tendon.** A. Tension B. Heat C. Pain D. None of the Above

Answer 49

**A. Tension** *Golgi tendon organs are sensitive to very slight changes in tension on a tendon and respond to tension exerted both by active contraction and by passive stretch of musculotendinous unit.*

Question 50

**Herpes Zoster (Shingles) is an infection of __.** A. Dorsal Root Ganglion B. Golgi Tendon Organs C. Cranial Nerve Ganglion D. Both A and C

Answer 50

**D. Both A and C** Infection of a dorsal root ganglion or a cranial nerve ganglion with varicella-zoster virus.

Question 51

**Neuropathy**

Answer 51

The general term for dysfunction or pathology of one or more peripheral nerves

Question 52

**Lesions affecting peripheral nerves may cause what?**

Answer 52

Gain of function: increased sensitivity Loss of function: decreased or total loss of somatosensation