Week 2

Question 1

Presynaptic Terminal

Answer 1

Projection specialized for the release of chemicals

Question 2

Postsynaptic Terminal

Answer 2

Membrane region of the receiving cell

Question 3

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 3

Space between the two terminals

Question 4

Postsynaptic Cell

Answer 4

Any cell of an organ, gland, blood vessel, muscle, or another neuron

Question 5

What type of synapse occurs when two neurons are physically joined by gap junctions, allowing current to spread between them almost instantaneously.
A. Chemical Synapse
B. Electrical Synapse
C. Excitatory Synapse
D. None of the Above

Answer 5

B. Electrical Synapse

Question 6

What are two types of membrane potentials?

Answer 6

Excitatory and Inhibitory NT

Question 7

Which membrane potential stimulates the target cell into action?
A. Excitatory NT
B. Inhibitory NT

Answer 7

A. Excitatory NT

Generates an action potential; Causes depolarization of the postsynaptic cells

Question 8

Which membrane potential causes hyperpolarization of the target cells?
A. Excitatory NT
B. Inhibitory NT

Answer 8

B. Inhibitory NT

Hyperpolarization leads them farther from the action potential which inhibits their target cell actions

Question 9

What are the two types of Neurotransmitters?

Answer 9

Fast and Slow Acting

Question 10

Fast-Acting NTs

Answer 10

Those that act directly on ion channels

Ex. Sharp pain

Question 11

Slow-Acting NTs

Answer 11

Those that act indirectly

Ex. Large and sustained to inform body of serousness of injury

Question 12

Once activated, __ proteins dissociate from the GPCR and diffuse laterally within the cell membrane.
A. D
B. E
C. F
D. G

Answer 12

D. G

Once activated, G proteins dissociate from the GPCR and diffuse laterally within the cell membrane.

G proteins then interact w/ other molecules located within or adjacent to the cell membrane

Question 13

True/False
G protein can activate multiple ion channels, amplifying the effect.

Answer 13

True

Abnormal function of this system is involved in epilepse, chronic pain, and drug addiction

Question 14

In ____ muscle and most organs and glands, changes in postsynaptic membrane potential are excitatory.
A. Cardiac
B. Skeletal
C. Fascia
D. None of the Above

Answer 14

B. Skeletal

In skeletal muscle and most organs and glands, changes in postsynaptic membrane potential are excitatory.

Question 15

Acetylcholine (ACh) is bound by which two receptors?
A. Nicotine and Muscarinic
B. Muscarinic and Basal Ganglia
C. Basal Ganglia and Nicotine
D. None of the Above

Answer 15

A. Nicotine and Muscarinic

Question 16

If ACh binds in the skeletal muscle membrane what type of effect will it have?

Answer 16

Initiates skeletal muscle contraction

Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Destroys ACh receptors

Question 17

If ACh binds in the ANS what type of effect will it have?

Answer 17

Slows heart rate, constricts pupil, increases digestive secretions and smooth muscle contractions

Question 18

If ACh binds in the brain what type of effect will it have?

Answer 18

Cognitive function
Arousal, pleasure feelings of reward

Disorders: Tobacco Smoking, Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 19

If amino acid NT binds in glutamate in the brain what type of effect will it have?

Answer 19

Excitatory, learning, and memory

Disorders: Excess: Epilectic seizures, excitotoxicity, chronic pain, Parkinson’s Disease, Schizophrenia

Question 20

If amino acid NT binds in glycine in the spinal cord what type of effect will it have?

Answer 20

Inhibition

Disorders: Low; unwanted skeletal muscle contractions

Question 21

If amino acid NT binds in GABA in the CNS what type of effect will it have?

Answer 21

Inhibition; Sedation, antianxiety, antiseizure, and sleep inducing

Disorders: Low; seizures, unwanted skeletal muscle contraction, anxiety

Question 22

Which Amine NTs affect motor activity, cognition, and behavior?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

Answer 22

B. Dopamine

Question 23

Which Amine NTs play a vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

Answer 23

A. Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 24

Which Amine NTs affect sleep, generall arousal level, cognition, perception, motor activity, and mood?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

Answer 24

C. Serotonin

Question 25

**Which Amine NTs are concentrated in the hypothalamus?** A. Norepinephrine (NE) B. Dopamine C. Serotonin D. Histamine

Answer 25

D. Histamine

Question 26

**How long does the Pre-Embryonic Stage last?**

Answer 26

Conception to approx. day 14

Question 27

**How long does the embryonic stage last?**

Answer 27

From day 15 to the end of the 8th week

Question 28

**How long does the fetal stage last?**

Answer 28

End of the 8th week until birth

Question 29

**Organs are formed in which developmental stage?** A. Pre-Embryonic Stage B. Embryonic Stage C. Fetal Stage D. None of the Above

Answer 29

B. Embryonic Stage

Question 30

**In which developmental stage does the nervous system form?** A. Pre-Embryonic Stage B. Embryonic Stage C. Fetal Stage D. None of the Above

Answer 30

B. Embryonic Stage ## Footnote Neural tube forms day 18-26; Brain starts to form on day 28

Question 31

**Myelination begins in what fetal month?**

Answer 31

4th fetal month Most sheaths are completed by the end of the 3rd year of life

Question 32

**Anencephaly**

Answer 32

Formation of a rudimentary brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres *Cranial end of the neural tube remains open and the forebrain does not develop; the skull does not form over the incomplete brain, leaving the malformed brainstem and meninges exposed*

Question 33

**Arnold-Chiari Malformation**

Answer 33

Developmental deformity of the hindbrain

Question 34

**Type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation**

Answer 34

Often asymptomatic Cerebellar tonsils herniate into vertebral canal; pons and medulla are small and malformed

Question 35

**Type 2 Arnold-Chiari Malformation**

Answer 35

Signs are present in infancy Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum Causes progressive hydrocephalus, paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, deafness, bilateral weakness of lateral eye movements, and facial weakness

Question 36

**Meningocele** | Spina Bifida

Answer 36

Meninges protrude through bony defect

Question 37

**Myelomeningocele** | Spina Bifida

Answer 37

Neural tissue and meninges outside the body

Question 38

**Myeloschisis** | Spina Bifida

Answer 38

Malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body

Question 39

**Spina Bifida Occulta**

Answer 39

Neural tissue remains inside vertebral column

Question 40

**Tethered Spinal Cord**

Answer 40

Cord adheres to a lower vertebra causing dermatomal and myotomal deficits in the lower limbs, pain in the saddle region and lower limbs, and bowel and bladder dysfunction

Question 41

**Spinal Muscular Atrophy**

Answer 41

Autosomal recessive disorder: lower motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles degenerate ## Footnote Most common genetic defect is the deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 gene