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OTD 7210 Neuroscience > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Presynaptic Terminal

A

Projection specialized for the release of chemicals

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2
Q

Postsynaptic Terminal

A

Membrane region of the receiving cell

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3
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between the two terminals

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4
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

Any cell of an organ, gland, blood vessel, muscle, or another neuron

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5
Q

What type of synapse occurs when two neurons are physically joined by gap junctions, allowing current to spread between them almost instantaneously.
A. Chemical Synapse
B. Electrical Synapse
C. Excitatory Synapse
D. None of the Above

A

B. Electrical Synapse

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6
Q

What are two types of membrane potentials?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory NT

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7
Q

Which membrane potential stimulates the target cell into action?
A. Excitatory NT
B. Inhibitory NT

A

A. Excitatory NT

Generates an action potential; Causes depolarization of the postsynaptic cells

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8
Q

Which membrane potential causes hyperpolarization of the target cells?
A. Excitatory NT
B. Inhibitory NT

A

B. Inhibitory NT

Hyperpolarization leads them farther from the action potential which inhibits their target cell actions

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9
Q

What are the two types of Neurotransmitters?

A

Fast and Slow Acting

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10
Q

Fast-Acting NTs

A

Those that act directly on ion channels

Ex. Sharp pain

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11
Q

Slow-Acting NTs

A

Those that act indirectly

Ex. Large and sustained to inform body of serousness of injury

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12
Q

Once activated, __ proteins dissociate from the GPCR and diffuse laterally within the cell membrane.
A. D
B. E
C. F
D. G

A

D. G

Once activated, G proteins dissociate from the GPCR and diffuse laterally within the cell membrane.

G proteins then interact w/ other molecules located within or adjacent to the cell membrane

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13
Q

True/False
G protein can activate multiple ion channels, amplifying the effect.

A

True

Abnormal function of this system is involved in epilepse, chronic pain, and drug addiction

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14
Q

In ____ muscle and most organs and glands, changes in postsynaptic membrane potential are excitatory.
A. Cardiac
B. Skeletal
C. Fascia
D. None of the Above

A

B. Skeletal

In skeletal muscle and most organs and glands, changes in postsynaptic membrane potential are excitatory.

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15
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is bound by which two receptors?
A. Nicotine and Muscarinic
B. Muscarinic and Basal Ganglia
C. Basal Ganglia and Nicotine
D. None of the Above

A

A. Nicotine and Muscarinic

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16
Q

If ACh binds in the skeletal muscle membrane what type of effect will it have?

A

Initiates skeletal muscle contraction

Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Destroys ACh receptors

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17
Q

If ACh binds in the ANS what type of effect will it have?

A

Slows heart rate, constricts pupil, increases digestive secretions and smooth muscle contractions

18
Q

If ACh binds in the brain what type of effect will it have?

A

Cognitive function
Arousal, pleasure feelings of reward

Disorders: Tobacco Smoking, Alzheimer’s Disease

19
Q

If amino acid NT binds in glutamate in the brain what type of effect will it have?

A

Excitatory, learning, and memory

Disorders: Excess: Epilectic seizures, excitotoxicity, chronic pain, Parkinson’s Disease, Schizophrenia

20
Q

If amino acid NT binds in glycine in the spinal cord what type of effect will it have?

A

Inhibition

Disorders: Low; unwanted skeletal muscle contractions

21
Q

If amino acid NT binds in GABA in the CNS what type of effect will it have?

A

Inhibition; Sedation, antianxiety, antiseizure, and sleep inducing

Disorders: Low; seizures, unwanted skeletal muscle contraction, anxiety

22
Q

Which Amine NTs affect motor activity, cognition, and behavior?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

A

B. Dopamine

23
Q

Which Amine NTs play a vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

A

A. Norepinephrine (NE)

24
Q

Which Amine NTs affect sleep, generall arousal level, cognition, perception, motor activity, and mood?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

A

C. Serotonin

25
Q

Which Amine NTs are concentrated in the hypothalamus?
A. Norepinephrine (NE)
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Histamine

A

D. Histamine

26
Q

How long does the Pre-Embryonic Stage last?

A

Conception to approx. day 14

27
Q

How long does the embryonic stage last?

A

From day 15 to the end of the 8th week

28
Q

How long does the fetal stage last?

A

End of the 8th week until birth

29
Q

Organs are formed in which developmental stage?
A. Pre-Embryonic Stage
B. Embryonic Stage
C. Fetal Stage
D. None of the Above

A

B. Embryonic Stage

30
Q

In which developmental stage does the nervous system form?
A. Pre-Embryonic Stage
B. Embryonic Stage
C. Fetal Stage
D. None of the Above

A

B. Embryonic Stage

Neural tube forms day 18-26; Brain starts to form on day 28

31
Q

Myelination begins in what fetal month?

A

4th fetal month

Most sheaths are completed by the end of the 3rd year of life

32
Q

Anencephaly

A

Formation of a rudimentary brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres

Cranial end of the neural tube remains open and the forebrain does not develop; the skull does not form over the incomplete brain, leaving the malformed brainstem and meninges exposed

33
Q

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Developmental deformity of the hindbrain

34
Q

Type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Often asymptomatic
Cerebellar tonsils herniate into vertebral canal; pons and medulla are small and malformed

35
Q

Type 2 Arnold-Chiari Malformation

A

Signs are present in infancy
Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum
Causes progressive hydrocephalus, paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, deafness, bilateral weakness of lateral eye movements, and facial weakness

36
Q

Meningocele

Spina Bifida

A

Meninges protrude through bony defect

37
Q

Myelomeningocele

Spina Bifida

A

Neural tissue and meninges outside the body

38
Q

Myeloschisis

Spina Bifida

A

Malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body

39
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

Neural tissue remains inside vertebral column

40
Q

Tethered Spinal Cord

A

Cord adheres to a lower vertebra causing dermatomal and myotomal deficits in the lower limbs, pain in the saddle region and lower limbs, and bowel and bladder dysfunction

41
Q

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

A

Autosomal recessive disorder: lower motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles degenerate

Most common genetic defect is the deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 gene

OTD 7210 Neuroscience (13 decks)

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