Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OTD 7210 Neuroscience > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have a somatosensory system?
A. Necessary for sensory perception
B. Necessary for accurate control of movements
C. Protection against injury
D. All of the Above

A

D. All of the Above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conscious Relay Pathway

A

Brings information about location and type of stimulation to conscious awareness in the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of pathway convey’s light touch, proprioceptive, nociceptive, and temperature information?
A. Nonconscious Relay Pathway
B. Divergent Pathway
C. Spinothalamic Pathway
D. Conscious Relay Pathway

A

D. Conscious Relay Pathway

Not all information that is transmitted along conscious relay pathways is perceived unless attention is specifically devoted to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which pathway transmits information to many locations in the brainstem and cerebrum?
A. Nonconscious Relay Pathway
B. Divergent Pathway
C. Spinothalamic Pathway
D. Conscious Relay Pathway

A

B. Divergent Pathway

Sensory information is used at both conscious and nonconscious levels.
Convey information that is not organized somatotopically to many areas of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which pathway brings nonconscious proprioceptive and other movement-related information to the cerebellum?
A. Nonconscious Relay Pathway
B. Divergent Pathway
C. Spinothalamic Pathway
D. Conscious Relay Pathway

A

A. Nonconscious Relay Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True/False
Primary somatosensory cortex receives somatotopically organized information and discriminates the size, texture, and shape off objects.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cortex is represented by the homunculus surrounding the cortex?
A. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
B. Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
C. Both A and B
D. None of the Above

A

A. Primary Somatosensory Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True/False
The secondary somatosensory area analyzes information from the thalamus and hippocamus to provide stereogenosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment.

A

False
The secondary somatosensory area analyzes information from the primary somatosensory cortex and the thalamus to provide stereogenosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment.

Located posterior to the primay somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway

A

Named for the location of its second-order axon in the spinothalamic tract.
The temperature and crdue touch signals use different neurons in the same pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which Tract carries nociceptive information to two areas in the midbrain: the superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray (PAG)?
A. Spinolimbic Tract
B. Spinoreticular Tract
C. Spinomesencephalic Tract
D. None of the Above

A

C. Spinomesencephalic Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Involved in turning the eyes and head toward the source of noxious input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

A

Part of the descending pain control system that modulates incoming nociceptive signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which tract use ascending neurons synapse in the reticular formation?
A. Spinomesencephalic Tract
B. Spinoreticular Tract
C. Spinolimbic Tract
D. None of the Above

A

B. Spinoreticular Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A neural network in the brainstem that includes the reticular nuclei and their connections
-modulates arousal, attention, and sleep-waking cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which tract transmits slow pain information to medial and intralaminar nuclei in the thalamus and the ventral striatum in the basal ganglia?
A. Spinomesencephalic Tract
B. Spinoreticular Tract
C. Spinolimbic Tract
D. None of the Above

A

C. Spinolimbic Tract

Slow pain pathways provide information that produces automatic movements and autonomic and emotional responses to noxious stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True/False
There is a section of the brain that is dedicated to pain perception.

A

False
There is no section of the brain that is dedicated to pain perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True/False
The experience of pain is strongly linked to emotional, behavioral, and cognitive phenomena.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the different types of pain

A

Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
Neuropathic Pain
Phantom Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute Pain

A
  • Typically lasts for a short period of time
  • Resolves after noxious stimulus is removed or tissue injury heals
  • Detected by nociceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Lasts or recurs for longer than 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A
  • pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system
  • Pain is more than a simple sensation arising from tissue damage
  • Pain involves inhibitory and excitatory circuits in the nervous system that can diminish, amplify, or generate signals interpreted as pain
22
Q

Primary Pain

A

A primary condition arises independently of other conditions
Ex. Migraine, Fibromyalgia, chronic nonspecific low back pain

23
Q

Secondary Pain

A

A secondary condition arises as a consequence of another condition

Pain is a symptom

24
Q

Dysesthesias

A

Unpleasant abnormal sensations, either evoked or spontaneous

25
Q

Hyperalgesia

A
  • increased pain in response to nociceptive stimulus
  • due to sensitized responses of neurons in the nociceptive system
26
Q

Allodynia

A
  • experience of perceiving innocuous stimuli as painful
  • Example: putting on a shirt after sustaining a sunburn on your shoulders
    Chronic primary pain syndromes are often associated with hypersensitivity to scents, lights, and sounds
27
Q

Parethesias

A

Abnormal sensations that are painless

28
Q

Phantom Pain

A

Refers to individuals who have had a limb amputated by experience sensations that seem to originate from the missing limb

Treatment: Mirror Therapy

29
Q

What are the four most common chronic primary pain syndromes?

A

Fibromyalgia
Migraine
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Formerly RSD)
Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain

30
Q

Chronic Pain Syndrome

A

Pain that occurs in the absence of clearly identifiable tissue injury

31
Q

What are some OT treatments for individuals with chronic pain?

A
  • Heated pool therapy
  • Physical reconditioning
  • Biofeedback
  • Relaxation training
  • Stress management
  • Activity moderation
  • Reduction of pain behaviors
32
Q

Biopsychosocial Model of Chronic Pain

A
  • Expectations, cognition, and emotions affect the experience of pain
  • Anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing predict reactions to pain and the ability to cope with pain
  • Catastrophizing predicts disability, independent of other psychopathology
  • Amount of pain an individual expects influences the processing in both the medial and lateral pain systems
33
Q

What are the three Ds of chronic pain?

A

Disuse
Distress
Disability

34
Q

What is the resistance to stretch in a resting muscle?
A. Hypertonia
B. Muscle Tone
C. Reflex
D. Spasticity

A

B. Muscle Tone

35
Q

Which area of the cortex provides precise, predominantly contralateral control of movements?
A. Primary Motor Cortex
B. Secondary Motor Cortex

A

A. Primary Motor Cortex

36
Q

Which motor neurons comprise a two-neuron pathway that is responsible for movement?
A. Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
B. Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
C. Both A and B
D. None of the Above

A

C. Both A and B
The upper and lower motor neurons together comprise a two-neuron pathway that is responsible for movement.

Upper and lower motor neurons utilize different neurotransmitters to relay their signals.
Upper use glutamate, lower uses acetylcholine

37
Q

Damage to which neurons results in distincty identifiable deficits that can localize the cause of the deficit?
A. Upper Motor Neurons
B. Lower Motor Neurons
C. Sensory Neurons
D. Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B
Damage to both the upper and lower motor neurons results in distinctly identifiable deficits that can localize the cause of the deficit.

38
Q

True/False
Upper motor neurons relay information form the brain to the spinal cord and brainstem, where they activate lower motor neurons, which directly stimulate muscles to contract.

A

True

39
Q

A lesion of which neuron causes hyperreflexia, spasticity, and a positive Babinski reflex?
A. Upper Motor Neurons
B. Lower Motor Neurons

A

A. Upper Motor Neurons

Ex. of pathology that cause UMN symptoms: strokes, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), multiple sclerosis (MS), or anoxic brain injury.

40
Q

Spasticity

A

A brisk stretch of muscles causes a sudden increase in tone followed by decreased muscle resistance.

Affects individuals post stroke, with MS, SCI, CP, and traumatic brain injury

41
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

Abnormally brisk reflexes

42
Q

Which is a weakness that affects one side of the body?
A. Paresis
B. Hemiplegia
C. Paraplegia
D. Tetraplegia

A

B. Hemiplegia
Hemiplegia is a weakness that affects one side of the body.

43
Q

Which decreases the ability to use the body below the arms?
A. Paresis
B. Hemiplegia
C. Paraplegia
D. Tetraplegia

A

C. Paraplegia
Paraplegia affects the body below the arms.

44
Q

Which decreases the ability to use all four limbs?
A. Paresis
B. Hemiplegia
C. Paraplegia
D. Tetraplegia

A

D. Tetraplegia
Tetraplegia affects all four limbs

45
Q

Myoplasticity

A

Adaptive changes within a muscle in response to changesin neuromuscular activity level and to prolonged positioning

Adaptations: Increased number of weak actin-myosin bonds
Muscle disuse atrophy
Contractures
Can make dressing, hygiene, and positioning difficult
Are beneficial in some cases

46
Q

Muscle Disuse Atrophy

A

Disuse decreases the motor cortex representation of the disused body parts, leading to further paresis

47
Q

What is an adaptive shortening of a muscle-tendon unit?
A. Muscle Tone
B. Muscle Cramp
C. Contracture
D. Fibrillations

A

C. Contracture
A contracture is an adaptive shortening of a muscle-tendon unit.

Primary Contributor to Spasticity

48
Q

Which is a velocity-dependent hypertonia?
A. Spasticity
B. Clonus
C. Flaccidity
D. Rigidity

A

D. Rigidity
Rigidity is a velocity-dependent hypertonia.

Resistance to passive movement remains constant, regardless of the speed of force application

49
Q

What type of rigidity has a rigid extension of the spine and limbs?
A. Decorticate Rigidity
B. Decerebrate Rigidity
C. Velocity-Dependent Rigidity
D. None of the Above

A

B. Decerebrate Rigidity

50
Q

What type of rigidity has flexed upper limbs, extended neck and lower limbs, and plantarflexion
A. Decorticate Rigidity
B. Decerebrate Rigidity
C. Velocity-Dependent Rigidity
D. None of the Above

A

A. Decorticate Rigidity

OTD 7210 Neuroscience (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions