Week 3

Question 1

Neuroplasticity

Answer 1

The ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile (quantities and types of neurotransmitters produced), and or structure

Question 2

True/False
Neuroplasticity is involved in learning and creation of new memories and is essential for recovery from damage to the CNS.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What three mechanisms does neuroplasticity encompass?
A. Habituation, Experience-Independent Plasticity, Recovery or maladaption after Injury
B. Experience-Dependent Plasticity, Recovery or Maladaption after Injury, Neurogenesis
C. Recovery or Maladaption after Injury, Habituation, Experience-Dependent Plasticity
D. None of the Above

Answer 3

C. Recovery or Maladaption after Injury, Habituation, Experience-Dependent Plasticity

Question 4

What is a decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus?
A. Recovery or Maladaption after Injury
B. Habituation
C. Experience-Dependent Plasticity
D. None of the Above

Answer 4

B. Habituation

Awareness decreases, after a break, the awareness returns (ex. car alarm)

Question 5

Tactile Defensiveness

Answer 5

A sensory processing disorder in which children are extremely reactive to stimulation on their skin

Question 6

Vestibular Disorders

Answer 6

Types of vertigo in which clients are dizzy with changes in position

Question 7

What is a complex process that involves persistent, long-lasting changes in the strength of synapses between neurons with neural networks?
A. Recovery or Maladaption after Injury
B. Habituation
C. Experience-Dependent Plasticity
D. None of the Above

Answer 7

C. Experience-Dependent Plasticity

With repetition of a task, the number of active regions in the brain is reduced

Question 8

What does experience-dependent plasticity require?
A. Synthesis of New Proteins
B. Growth of New Proteins
C. Modification of Existing Synapses
D. All of the Above

Answer 8

D. All of the Above

Question 9

Recovery or Maladaption After Injury

Cellular Recovery after Injury

Answer 9

Recovery of synaptic effectiveness, denervation hypersensitivity, synaptic hypereffectiveness, and unmasking of silent synapses

Question 10

True/False
Myelin does not undergo experience-dependent plasticity.

Answer 10

False
Myelin does undergo experience-dependent plasticity.

Question 11

What is a form of activity-dependent plasticity?
A. Long-Term Potentiation
B. Short-Term Potentiation
C. Long-Term Depression
D. Short-Term Depression

Answer 11

A. Long-Term Potentiation

Changes occur as memories are formed.
Manipulation of this process may be used to treat disorders of the CNS.

Question 12

Excitotoxicity

Answer 12

Cell death caused by overexcitation of neurons

Question 13

What neurotransmitter is released in large quantities by oxygen deprived neurons?
A. Dopamine
B. ACh
C. GABA
D. Glutamate

Answer 13

D. Glutamate

A little glutamate is good. Too much is bad.

Excessive glutamate kills postsynaptic neurons that receive high concentrations of it.

Question 14

What leads to the release of glutamate?
A. Glycolosis
B. Ischemia
C. Protein Enzymes
D. All of the Above

Answer 14

B. Ischemia

Which leads to swelling

Question 15

Glycolysis

Answer 15

Breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

Question 16

Wallerian Degeneration

Answer 16

Once isolated from the cell body, the distal segment of the axon degenerates, the myelin sheath pulls away from that segment.
The axon swells and breaks into smaller segments, the terminals rapidly degenerate and their loss is followed by death of the distal segment.

Question 17

The growth of a new branch of an intact axon or regrowth of a damaged axon is called?
A. Sprouting
B. Spouting
C. Baby Branch
D. Baby Groot

Answer 17

A. Sprouting

Question 18

Severed nerves typically occur in the ____.
A. CNS
B. PNS
C. Neither

Answer 18

B. PNS

Question 19

What is the difference between collateral and regenerative sprouting?

Answer 19

Collateral sprouting occurs when denervated target is reinnervated by branches of intact axons of neighboring neurons.

Regenerative sprouting occurs when an axon and its target cell have been damaged. Injured axon sends outside sprouts.

Question 20

Neurogenesis

Answer 20

Process by which neurons are created by stem cells.

Question 21

Cortical Reorganization

Answer 21

Cortical areas routinely adjust to changes in sensory input and develop new functions dependent on motor input

Question 22

True/False
The neural tube is separated into ventral and dorsal sections.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Neuron cell bodies in the motor plate become what type of neurons?
A. Sensory Neurons
B. Motor Neurons
C. Sensory-motor Neurons
D. None of the Above

Answer 23

B. Motor Neurons

The ventral section of the neural tube is the motor plate

Question 24

What is the myotome after the embryonic stage?
A. Group of Brain Cells
B. Group of Organs
C. Group of Muscles
D. Both B and C

Answer 24

C. Group of Muscles

After the embryonic stage, the myotome is a group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Question 25

**The dorsal section of the neural tube is the ____ plate.** A. Association Plate B. Motor Plate C. Sensory Plate D. None of the Above

Answer 25

**A. Association Plate** ## Footnote In the spinal cord, these neurons form interneurons and projection neurons.

Question 26

**The dorsal horn is...**

Answer 26

Gray matter derived from the association plate in the mature spinal cord.

Question 27

**What do the neural crest cells form?** A. Sensory Neurons, Myelin Cells, Endocrine Organs, Motor Neurons B. Motor Neurons, Peripheral Sensory Neurons, Autonomic Neurons, Endocrine Organs C. Sensory-Motor Neurons, Sensory Neurons, Peripheral Sensory Neurons D. Peripheral Sensory Neurons, Autonomic Neurons, Endocrine Organs, and Myelin Cells

Answer 27

D. Peripheral Sensory Neurons, Autonomic Neurons, Endocrine Organs, and Myelin Cells

Question 28

**The Neural Crest separates into _ columns.** A. Two Columns B. Four Columns C. Six Columns D. None of the Above

Answer 28

**A. Two Columns** ## Footnote Separates into two columns, one on each side of the neural tube.

Question 29

**Describe the two meanings of Dermatomes.** | PNS

Answer 29

The area of the somite that will become the dermis After the embryonic stage, the dermis innervated by a single spinal nerve

Question 30

**In brain formation, what does the medulla, pons, and cerebellum form from?** A. Forebrain B. Midbrain C. Hindbrain D. None of the Above

Answer 30

**C. Hindbrain**

Question 31

**In brain formation, what does the diencephalon and telencephalon form from?** A. Forebrain B. Midbrain C. Hindbrain D. None of the Above

Answer 31

A. Forebrain *The **posterior** region of the forebrain becomes the **diencephalon**. The **anterior** region of the forebrain becomes the **telencephalon**.*

Question 32

**What type of input is necessary to develop these areas of the brain: Visual Cortex, Auditory function, tactile information?** A. Sensory Input B. Motor Input C. Tactile Input D. Auditory Input

Answer 32

**A. Sensory Input**

Question 33

**True/False** In Cerebral Palsy (CP) there is damage to the descending fibers from the forebrain to the spinal cord.

Answer 33

**False** In Cerebral Palsy (CP) there is damage to the descending fibers from the **cerebrum** to the spinal cord. ## Footnote There is a persistence of inappropriate connections and abnormal development of spinal motor centers which results in abnormal motor control.

Question 34

**What are three abnormal reflexes for infants and adults with cerebral lesions?**

Answer 34

1. The asymmetric tonic neck reflex 2. The symmetric tonic neck reflex 3. The tonic labyrinthine reflex