Week 8

Question 1

True/False
Basal Ganglia is important for movement.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What are the two main neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia?
A. Glutamate and GABA
B. GABA and Dopamine
C. Dopamine and Glutamate
D. None of the Above

Answer 2

C. Dopamine and Glutamate

Question 3

What is a non-motor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits?
A. Goal-Directed Behavior Circuit
B. Social Behavior Circuit
C. Emotion Circuit
D. All of the Above

Answer 3

D. All of the Above

These circuits contribute to the prediction of future events, selecting desired behaviors, preventing undesired behaviors, shifting attention, and spatial working memory.

Question 4

Which circuit evaluates information for making perceptual decisions, planning, and choosing actions in context?
A. Goal-Directed Behavior Circuit
B. Social Behavior Circuit
C. Emotion/Motivation Circuit
D. Motor Circuit

Answer 4

A. Goal-Directed Behavior Circuit

• Head of the caudate is part of the decision-making circuit that participates in goal-directed behavior
• This circuit, including the head of the caudate, is not involved in controlling movements

Question 5

Which circuit recognizes social cues, regulates self-control, and parses out relevant from irrelevant information?
A. Emotion/Motivation Circuit
B. Motor Circuit
C. Social Behavior Circuit
D. Goal-Directed Behavior Circuit

Answer 5

C. Social Behavior Circuit

• Head of the caudate is part of the circuit that recognizes social cues, regulates self-control, and parses out relevant from irrelevant information.

Question 6

Which circuit has the essential function of seeking rewards?
A. Oculomotor Circuit
B. Social Behavior Circuit
C. Motor Circuit
D. Emotion/Motivation Circuit

Answer 6

D. Emotion/Motivation

Also integrates emotions with roles of other circuits. Partially responsible for the perception and experiences of emotions.

Question 7

Which circuit makes decisions about spatial attention and eye movements?
A. Goal-Directed Behavior Circuit
B. Oculomotor Circuit
C. Emotion/Motivation Circuit
D. Motor Circuit

Answer 7

B. Oculomotor Circuit

Determines whether to use fast eye movements to direct attention toward an object

Saccade: Rapid movement of the eyes
Reflexive Prosaccades: move eyes toward an object
Antisaccades Move eyes away from object. Result from more complex interactions than the oculomotor circuit and require inhibition of prosaccade reflex

Question 8

Which circuit regulates muscle contraction, muscle force, multi-joint movements, and sequencing of movements?
A. Goal-Directed Behavior Circuit
B. Oculomotor Circuit
C. Emotion/Motivation Circuit
D. Motor Circuit

Answer 8

D. Motor Circuit

Question 9

Hypokinetic

Answer 9

Too little movement; loss of normal function

Parkinson’s disease is primarily hypokinetic

Question 10

Hyperkinetic

Answer 10

Excessive movement; gain of function not normally present

Question 11

True/False
Parkinson’s Disease is the least common basal ganglia motor disorder.

Answer 11

False
Parkinson’s Disease is the most common basal ganglia motor disorder.

Interferes with both voluntary nd automatic movements

Question 12

What are the two common subtypes of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 12

Postural Instability Gait Difficulty (PIGD)
Also known as akinetic/rigid type PD
Tremor-Dominant (TD)

Prevalence of each subtypes is akinetic (50%), TD (40%), and mixed (10%).

Question 13

What is postural instability gait difficulty characterized by?

Subtype of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 13

Muscular rigidity
Drooping posture
Rhythmic muscular tremors
Mask-like facial expression

People with PIGD PD have difficulty coming to standing from sitting; gait is characterized by:
* flexed posture
* shuffling of feet
* decreased / absent arm swing.

Question 14

What are the distinctive signs of postural instability gait difficulty?

Subtype of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 14

• Akinesia/ hypokinesia / bradykinesia / Rigidity
• Postural unsteadiness
• Resting tremor
• Freezing during movement
• Visuoperceptual impairments
• Mask-like facial expression

Question 15

True/False
Postural instability gait difficulty has one hyperkinetic sign: resting tremor.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What are non-motor impairments for postural instability gait difficulty?

Subtype of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 16

• Psychosis and autonomic dysfunction
• Parkinson’s dementia: primarily affects ability to plan, maintain goal direction, and make decisions

Question 17

Describe Tremor-Dominant

Subtype of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 17

• People with TD PD experience both resting and action tremors
• Rigidity and slowing of movement are relatively mild
• Patients with TD PD experience a slower progression of signs and symptoms than those with PIGD PD