Week 1 Flashcards

Question

What are important challenges to health globally?

Answer 1

There were 5.6 million under 5 child deaths in 2016 Almost half of all under 5 child deaths are related to malnutrition There were 435,000 maria deaths in 2017 1.3 million HIV negative people died from TB in 2017, in addition to 300,000 people with HIV 1.8 million people became infected with HIV in 2017 In 2017, there were 940,000 deaths caused by AIDs There were 303,000 maternal deaths in 2015 Approximately 1 billion people are infected with roundworm The prevalence of diabetes has doubled since 1980

Answer 2

- 2005 polio was on the verge of being eradicated - that year rumors were circulating that the polio vaccine causes sterility - in response to rumors, some community leaders discouraged people from immunizing their children - Within months polio cases spread from northern Nigeria to Sudan, Yemen, and Indonesia - The global campaign to eradicate polio had been dealt a major blow, stemming partly from rumors in one country about alleged side effects of the vaccine

Answer 3

- There is a common perception that diabetes is a disease that affects only people in high-income countries - This however is not the case - Rather, the prevalence of diabetes is growing rapidly in low and middle income countries - India now has the largest number of people with diabetes among such countries - Larger portions of populations in other low and middle income countries also suffer from this disease - More than 1/3 of adults in the Marshall islands have diabetes which is highest rate for any country in the world

Answer 4

- This is particular important because many diseases, such as TB, HIV/AIDs, and polio - are not limited by political boundaries Prior to 1960, dengue fever was concentrated largely in southeast Asia and the coat of south america - however, cases are now seen in 5 continents

Answer 5

- Poor health of mothers is linked to poor health of babies and the failure of children to reach their full mental and physical potential - In addition, ill health of children can delay their entry into school and can affect their attendance, their academic performance and therefore, their future economic prospects - Countries with major health problems, such as high rates of malaria or HIV have difficulty attracting the investments needed to develop their economies - Moreover having large numbers of undernourished, unhealthy, and ill-educated people in any country can be stabilizing and poses health, economic and security threats to all countries

Answer 6

the development of a campaign to promote child immunization in a particular country; an effort to get people in a city to use seat belts when they drive, and actions to get people in a specific setting to eat healthier foods and to stop smoking tobacco - In addition, most levels of government also carry out certain public health functions - these include the management of public health clinics, the operation of public health labs, the inspection of public health eating establishments and the maintenance of disease surveillance systems

Answer 7

- The promotion of handwashing - The promotion of bicycle and motorcycle helmets - The promotion of knowledge about HIV/AIDs - Large-scale screening for diabetes and hypertension - Large scale screening for the eyesight of school children - Mass dosing of children against worms - The operation of a supplementary feeding program for poorly nourished young children - The taxation of tobacco and alcohol - The regulation of industrial pollution The regulation of food labelling

Answer 8

- To a large extent the biggest difference between the medical approach and the public health approach is the focus in public health on the health of populations rather than on the health of individuals

Answer 9

public health - focus on population -ethical basis is public service emphasis is disease prevention and health promotion for communities - interventions include broad spectrum that may target the environment, human behaviour, lifestyle and medical care vs medecine focus - individual ethical basis - personal services emphasis - disease diagnosis, treatment, and care for individuals interventions - emphasis on medical care

Answer 10

"health problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions - Another group defined what we would now call global health as "the application of the principle of public health to health problems and challenges that transcend national boundaries and to the complex array of global and local forces that affect them"

Answer 11

a focus on the public good, belief in a global perspective, a scientific and interdisciplinary approach, the need for multilevel approaches to interventions and the need for comprehensive frameworks for health policies and financing

Answer 12

The integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment Think of one health as focusing on the interconnectedness of animal, human and environmental health;

Answer 13

- Planetary health is the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, well-being, and equity worldwide through judicious attention to the human systems - political, economic, and social - that shape the future of humanity and the Earth's natural systems that define the safe environment limits within which humanity can flourish - Put simply, planetary health is the health of human civilisation and the state of natural systems on which it depends whereas planetary health has a greater focuses on the health of the environment and the connection between that and human and animal well-being

Answer 14

- Conflict - Natural disasters And humanitarian emergencies

Answer 15

- Africa - The Americas - South east Asia - Europe - Eastern Mediterranean Western pacific

Answer 16

- Some of the SDGs have a very direct link with health such as goal 3 -ensure healthy life and promote well-being for all ages - Others have less direct but still very important link with the achievement of good health: - Goal 1: no poverty - Goal 2: zero hunger - Goal 4: quality education - Goal 6: clean water and sanitation All of the goals have an important even if indirect relationship with the achievement of good health and well-being

Answer 17

the case of smallpox eradication - In 1966 ravaged over 50 countries - Affected 10-15 million of whom almost 2 million died each year - Killed 30 percent of those infected, those who survived could suffer from deep-pitted scars and blindness - Vaccine created by Edward Jenner in 1798 - eradication of smallpox became a practical goal only in the 1950s when the vaccine could be mass produced and stored without refrigeration - Later breakthrough came in the form of bifurcated needle - reduced costs by allowing needles to be reused endlessly after sterilization and by requiring a far smaller amount of vaccine per patient than previously - In 1959, WHO adopted a proposal to eradicate smallpox through compulsory vaccination, but program languished until 1965, when the US stepped in with technical and financial support - Although wars and civil unrest caused disruption in the programs progress, momentum was always regained with new methods and extra resources that focused on containing outbreaks by speedily seeking out new cases with motorized teams, isolating new cases, and vaccinating everyone in the vicinity of the new case - This military style approach proved effective even in the most difficult circumstances - Took practical account it would be difficult to vaccinate the whole world against smallpox - And the transmission of the virus could be stopped by focusing vaccination efforts around new cases

Answer 18

immunizations programs could vaccinate people against more than one disease at a time - this helped pave the way for routine immunizations

Week 1 Flashcards

(44 cards)