Week 8

Question 1

It is important to consider gender when considering global health and global health initiatives for several reasons.

Answer 1

1. gender disparities in health
2. impact of gender norms
3. gender-based violence
   4, intersectionality
4. policy and advocacy

Question 2

Gender Disparities in Health:

Answer 2

Gender plays a significant role in determining health outcomes and access to healthcare. Women and men may experience different health risks, access healthcare differently, and have different health needs.

Question 3

Impact of Gender Norms:

Answer 3

Gender norms and roles can influence health behaviors, access to resources, and decision-making processes related to health. Understanding these norms is essential for designing effective health interventions.

Question 4

Gender-Based Violence:

Answer 4

Gender-based violence, including intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a significant global health issue that disproportionately affects women and girls. Addressing gender-based violence is crucial for improving overall health and well-being.

Question 5

Intersectionality:

Answer 5

Gender intersects with other social determinants of health, such as race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation, creating unique health experiences and disparities for individuals with multiple marginalized identities.

Question 6

Policy and Advocacy:

Answer 6

Considering gender in global health initiatives is crucial for advocating for policies that promote gender equality and women’s rights, which are fundamental to achieving health equity and sustainable development.

Question 7

Framing gender and health

Answer 7

Women’s health often intertwined with reproductive health

Gender and Sex often used interchangeably, with the assumption of binaries

Question 8

Women’s health often intertwined with reproductive health

Answer 8

Point #1 - women’s health is often closely linked with reproductive health. This connection is significant because reproductive health encompasses a range of issues beyond just pregnancy and childbirth, including access to contraception, safe abortion services, and treatment for reproductive tract infections.

Consider broader aspects of women’s health beyond reproductive issues, such as mental health, non-communicable diseases, and access to healthcare.

Highlight the importance of understanding women’s health within a holistic framework that considers social, economic, and cultural factors

Question 9

Gender and Sex often used interchangeably, with the assumption of binaries

Answer 9

Point #2 - We need to acknowledge the distinction between gender and sex. While sex refers to biological characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy,
gender is a social construct that encompasses roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities. It’s important to recognize that not everyone fits into the binary understanding of gender, and that there is a diversity of gender identities and experiences beyond just male and female.

understanding the distinction between sex and gender is essential for addressing health inequalities and promoting inclusive healthcare practices
Binaries in research refer to the tendency to categorize things into two distinct and often opposing categories. For example, in gender studies, the binary categorization of gender into male and female overlooks the diversity and complexity of gender identities.

Question 10

sex vs gender

Answer 10

gender is culturally defined

female
roles and responsibilities
- caring
- service jobs

attributes
- fragile
- emotional entittlements
- inferior healthcare to men
- financial dependance

male
- roles and responsibilities
- construction
- defense

attributes
- rik-taking
-aggression

enittlements
- higher workforce participation
-finacial autonomy

sex
- chromosomes
- reproductive organs and genitalia
- hormones

Question 11

Inequality vs. inequity

Answer 11

Inequality:
Inequality refers to differences, disparities, or uneven distributions between individuals or groups. These differences can be in terms of income, wealth, access to resources, opportunities, or outcomes can be measured objectively, such as through income levels or educational attainment,

Inequity: Inequity, on the other hand, refers to unjust or unfair inequalities. Inequity focuses on disparities that result from systemic injustice, discrimination, or unfairness.

Question 12

examples of inequality

Answer 12

Inequality:
1. Income Inequality: Some people earn significantly higher incomes than others, leading to a disparity in wealth distribution.

2. Educational Inequality: Differences in access to quality education, resources, and opportunities can lead to unequal outcomes in academic achievement.

3.Healthcare Inequality: Disparities in access to healthcare services, quality of care, and health outcomes based on factors like income, biological sex, geography.

Question 13

inequity examples

Answer 13

Inequity:
1. Gender Pay Gap: Even when women and men have similar qualifications and perform the same work, women are often paid less than men for equivalent jobs, representing an inequity in pay.

2. Racial Profiling: Law enforcement practices that disproportionately target individuals from specific racial or ethnic groups, leading to unjust treatment and outcomes.
3. Access to Healthcare: Inequity exists when certain populations face barriers to accessing healthcare services due to factors like race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, resulting in disparate health outcomes

In each of these examples, there is a clear disparity or difference (inequality), but the presence of unfairness, injustice, or systemic bias highlights the concept of inequity.

Question 14

geographical disparities in healthcare and rural areas

Answer 14

Geographical disparities in healthcare access can result from factors such as population distribution, resource allocation, and infrastructure limitations, which may not be intentionally discriminatory or unjust.
For example, in rural areas, lower population density and limited resources may make it economically challenging to establish healthcare facilities or attract healthcare professionals. Similarly, in remote or isolated regions, geographical barriers such as rugged terrain or lack of transportation infrastructure can further exacerbate difficulties in accessing healthcare services.
While these geographical disparities can result in unequal access to healthcare services between urban and rural areas, they may not necessarily stem from intentional discrimination or systemic injustices. In contrast, healthcare inequities typically involve avoidable disparities that are rooted in unjust social, economic, or political factors, such as discrimination, poverty, or unequal distribution of resources.

Question 15

Global burden of disease - male and female life expectancy

Answer 15

Male/female “life expectancy gap” (Global Action on Men’s Health, 2018)
- 4.2 years in 1970
- 5.5 years in 2016
- Forecast to rise to 7 years by 2030

Canada/BC Context:
- Narrowing of gap 1990-2010
- What is the impact of the opioid epidemic?

Question 16

The opioid epidemic in Canada has had a significant impact on life expectancy and has contributed to a widening gap between men and women. Here’s how:

Answer 16

1. Increased Mortality: The opioid epidemic has led to a rise in opioid-related deaths, including overdoses. This increase in mortality has had a greater impact on men than women, widening the life expectancy gap
2. Health and Social Factors: The opioid epidemic intersects with other health and social factors that can impact life expectancy, such as mental health, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare. These factors may affect men and women differently, further influencing the life expectancy gap.
3. Response and Prevention Efforts: Efforts to address the opioid epidemic, including harm reduction strategies, treatment programs, and policy changes, can have differential impacts on men and women.
4. Overall, the opioid epidemic in Canada has had an impact on the life expectancy gap between men and women, with men experiencing higher rates of mortality from opioid-related causes, contributing to a widening gap between the sexes.

Question 17

The life expectancy gap between men and women can be attributed to a combination of biological, social, and behavioral factors:

Answer 17

1. Biological Differences: Biological factors, such as genetics and hormones, contribute to differences in life expectancy between men and women which that may lead to a survival advantage.
2. Behavioral Differences: Men and women often have different health behaviors that can impact life expectancy. For example, men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and dangerous occupations, which can increase their risk of premature death.
3. Healthcare Utilization: Women tend to use healthcare services more frequently than men, leading to earlier detection and treatment of health conditions.
4. Social and Environmental Factors: Socioeconomic factors, access to healthcare, education, and living conditions can also impact life expectancy. Women often have better social support networks and may engage in healthier behaviors, which can contribute to their longer life expectancy.
5. Biological Aging: Some research suggests that women may age more slowly biologically than men, which could contribute to their longer life expectancy. However, the exact mechanisms behind this are still being studied.

Understanding these factors is important for developing strategies to reduce health disparities and improve the health outcomes of both men and women.

Question 18

Global burden of disease and women

Answer 18

Women live longer, not necessarily healthier lives.

In low-income countries, higher burden of disease from communicable diseasesand childbirth-related illnesses

In high-income countries, higher levels of physical and psychological morbidity from non-communicable diseases

Question 19

Why do High-income countries tend to have higher levels of from non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?

Answer 19

Lifestyle Factors: High-income countries often have higher rates of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and alcohol consumption. These behaviors are major risk factors for NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

Urbanization and Environmental Factors: Urbanization in high-income countries is often accompanied by environmental factors such as air pollution, noise pollution, and limited access to green spaces. These factors can increase the risk of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health disorders.

Socioeconomic Inequalities: While high-income countries overall have better access to healthcare, education, and resources, there are often significant socioeconomic inequalities within these countries. These inequalities can lead to disparities in health outcomes, with marginalized populations experiencing higher levels of physical and psychological morbidity.

Aging Population: High-income countries tend to have aging populations, which are more susceptible to NCDs such as dementia, arthritis, and other chronic conditions.

Healthcare System Factors: While high-income countries generally have more advanced healthcare systems, there can be challenges such as overemphasis on treatment rather than prevention, and disparities in access to healthcare services.

Question 20

screening initiatives can have a significant impact on global health by reducing the burden of these cancers,

Answer 20

However, challenges such as lack of infrastructure, resources, and awareness can hinder the implementation and effectiveness of screening programs in some regions and in LMIC

Efforts to improve access to screening, promote awareness, and ensure quality care are essential to reducing the global burden of these cancers and improving women’s health worldwide.

Question 21

Who gets more of what diseases and why?
What diseases are more prevalent in women than in men?

Answer 21

Iron deficiency anemia – related to menstruation Nearly 30% of women and adolescent girls are affected by anaemia
Adverse effects on their overall health and wellbeing, especially during pregnancy and childbirth.

ovarian/uterine cancers
More breast cancer than men - Breast cancer: leading cause of deaths from cancer in women
Cervical cancer: 4th most common cancer affecting women worldwide.
In LMICs, 3rd leading cause of death from cancer in women. Differences because?

Widespread major inequalities in access to early detection and screening lead to large variations in clinical outcomes and survival after treatment.

Pregnancy related problems – PPH, fistulas, prolapsed uterus, unsafe abortions
Higher incidence of CAD as they age - Women’s risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases with age due to hormonal changes, cumulative exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, and potential effects of menopause.

Question 22

Biological Risks affecting women

Answer 22

STIs (increased mucosal areas, often show no symptoms)

Uterine cancer

Ovarian cancer

Breast cancer (also affect males but at a lower rate)

Heart disease (less frequently diagnosed due to atypical symptoms, underrepresentation in research, and healthcare provider bias.

Question 23

Women are generally more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than men due to a combination of biological, social, and cultural factors. Some key reasons include:

Answer 23

Biological Factors: Women have a larger surface area of vulnerable tissue in the genital area, which can increase the risk of infection. Anatomical Factors: The anatomy of the female genitalia can make it easier for pathogens to enter the body during sexual activity, particularly if there are small tears or abrasions present.

Asymptomatic Infections: Some STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, often present with milder or no symptoms in women, making them less likely to seek timely medical attention and increasing the risk of complications.

Cultural and Social Factors: In many cultures, women may have less control over their sexual health and reproductive choices, including negotiating condom use and accessing healthcare services.

Pregnancy and Childbirth: STIs can have serious consequences for pregnant women, including the risk of transmission to the fetus, preterm birth, and other complications.

STI Testing Disparities: due to factors such as access to healthcare and stigma.

Contraceptive Methods: Some forms of contraception, such as diaphragms and spermicides, may increase the risk of STI transmission if not used correctly or consistently.

Women in low-income countries are more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to a variety of factors, including:
Lack of Access to Healthcare: Women in low-income countries often have limited access to healthcare services, including STI testing, treatment, and prevention measures.

Limited Education: Lack of comprehensive sex education and information about STIs can contribute to higher rates of infection.

Gender Inequality: Women in many low-income countries have less power to negotiate safe sex practices, including condom use, due to cultural and social norms.

Economic Factors: Poverty can lead to increased risk-taking behaviors, such as engaging in sex work or having multiple partners, which can increase the risk of STI transmission.

Healthcare Infrastructure: Limited healthcare infrastructure and resources in low-income countries can make it difficult to provide adequate STI prevention, testing, and treatment services.

Stigma and Discrimination: Stigma surrounding STIs can prevent women from seeking testing and treatment, leading to higher rates of untreated infections.

How can we promote Self care intervention for SRH in LMIC? requires tailored approaches that take into account the unique challenges and contexts of these settings. Some strategies to promote self-care interventions for SRH in low-income countries include:
Community Health Workers: Training and deploying community health workers (CHWs) to provide education, counseling, and support for self-care interventions can improve access to SRH services in remote or underserved areas.

Mobile Health Technologies: Leveraging mobile phones and other digital technologies to deliver SRH information, reminders, and support can reach populations with limited access to traditional healthcare services.

Task Shifting: Empowering lower-level healthcare providers, such as nurses and midwives, to deliver self-care interventions can help alleviate the burden on higher-level healthcare providers and improve access to SRH services.

Partnerships and Collaboration: Collaborating with local organizations, community leaders, and government agencies can help ensure that self-care interventions are culturally appropriate and reach the intended populations.
Capacity Building: Building the capacity of local healthcare providers and organizations to deliver and support self-care interventions for SRH can improve the sustainability and effectiveness of these programs.

Advocacy and Policy Change: Advocating for policy changes that support self-care interventions for SRH, such as expanding the scope of practice for HCWs, can help create an enabling environment for these interventions.

Research and Evaluation: Conducting research and evaluation studies to assess the impact of self-care interventions for SRH in low-income countries can help generate evidence to inform future programs and policies.
Goal of these strategies improve access to essential SRH services for all.

Question 24

Social determinants

Answer 24

Low social status of women in societies is linked to physical and sexual abuse

High levels of depression

Divorced or widowed women face severe discrimination

Respiratory issues (due to poor ventilation)

Lack of education

Women cannot use health services without the permission of a husband or male relative.

Question 25

determinants of women's health

Answer 25

biological: sex/physiological social: society, gender, culture intersection of sex and gender

Question 26

how do the social determinants of health affect women?

Answer 26

women are left to eat less nutritious food which leads to poor nutritious which leads to greater susceptible to illness, stunting, small pelvic size This is true in most countries though the severity of impacts is felt differently across the globe

Question 27

Gender and Health

Answer 27

- Gender roles ascribed to women in many societies have an important impact on health - Women may: -Be less well treated than men, - Have less income, less education - Fewer opportunities to engage in safe employment - When girls and women lack power and resources, they are less likely to be able to access and advocate for health care services necessary (Paruzzolo, Mehra, Kes & Aushbaugh, 2010)

Question 28

female infanticide

Answer 28

(Female infanticide is the intentional killing of female infants or newborns. It is a practice that has occurred in various societies throughout history, often due to cultural, economic, or social factors that favor male children over female children. Female infanticide is considered a form of gender-based violence and discrimination, as it reflects and perpetuates deep-seated gender inequalities and biases.)

Question 29

things that harm women's health

Answer 29

Some settings: shorter duration of breastfeeding, less food for girl children, lower enrollment of girls in school, and less attention to the healthcare needs of adult women In many settings, women have less power and voice than men All of these factors go against their good health

Question 30

Child Marriage

Answer 30

Child marriage is a formal marriage or informal union where one or both parties are under the age of 18. It is a violation of human rights and has serious implications for the health, education, and well-being of those involved, particularly girls. Child marriage occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and parts of Latin America and the Middle East. Within these regions, prevalence rates can vary significantly between countries and even within countries based on factors such as socioeconomic status, cultural practices, and legal frameworks. The link on this slide will take you to a study and video: between 2000 and 2018, Canada issued more than 3,600 marriage certificates involving children under the age of 18, according to a study from McGill University. Child marriage rates were highest in Saskatchewan, and the territories (1.7%, Alberta and Manitoba, slightly less said Alissa Koski, one of the study's co-authors.

Question 32

Why does child marriage exist? Child marriage exists for a variety of reasons, often rooted in cultural, social, economic, and political factors. Some of the key reasons include:

Answer 32

Poverty: Families in poverty may see child marriage as a way to reduce financial burdens by transferring the responsibility of caring for a girl to her husband's family. In some cases, families may receive a bride price or dowry, which can be a significant incentive in impoverished communities. Cultural and Social Norms: In many cultures, child marriage is considered a norm or tradition. It may be seen as a way to protect girls from perceived risks such as premarital sex or to ensure social status and family honor. Lack of Education: Limited access to education, especially for girls, can contribute to child marriage. When girls are not educated, families may see marriage as the only viable option for their future. Gender Inequality: Societies that value boys over girls may prioritize marriage for girls at a young age, often leading to early marriage and its associated risks. Lack of Legal Protection: In some regions, laws exist to protect against child marriage, but enforcement may be weak. Additionally, in areas where legal age limits for marriage exist, they may not align with customary practices. Conflict and Displacement: During times of conflict or displacement, families may marry off their daughters as a coping mechanism or to provide them with some form of protection.

Question 33

stats on child marriage

Answer 33

Contributes to rates of adolescent pregnancy worldwide 95% of all adolescent pregnancies occur in LMICs 19% of women in LMICs countries become pregnant before the age of 18

Question 34

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. The MDGs aimed to address a range of global challenges, including poverty, hunger, disease, and environmental degradation. STUDENTS HAVE THE BELOW The goals were to be achieved by 2015. Here are the eight MDGs:

Answer 34

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger: The goal was to halve the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day and to achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. Achieve Universal Primary Education: The goal was to ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women: The goal was to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015. Reduce Child Mortality: The goal was to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Improve Maternal Health: The goal was to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015 and to achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases: The goal was to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other major diseases by 2015. Ensure Environmental Sustainability: The goal was to integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and to reverse the loss of environmental resources. Develop a Global Partnership for Development: The goal was to develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system, addressing the special needs of least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing states. Each goal had specific targets and indicators to measure progress. While significant progress was made in many areas, not all goals were fully achieved by the target date of 2015.

Question 35

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as:

Answer 35

“A behaviour by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours”

Question 36

According to the CDC, there are 4 types of Intimate partner violence (IPV):

Answer 36

Physical Violence Sexual Violence Psychological aggression Stalking

Question 37

other forms of intimate partner violence

Answer 37

Threats Economic control Verbal aggression Coercive behaviour Intimidation Restricting freedom Exploitation Physical violence

Question 38

Canadian Statistics (2014-2019) intimate partner violence

Answer 38

Intimate Partner Violence - 20% of men - 44% of women (≥15 years old) - Indigenous women (61%) vs Non-Indigenous women (44%) - 55% of women with disabilities - 2SLGBTQIA+ (49%) vs. heterosexual women (25%) - Consider the Intersections- 2SLGBTQIA+ and disability = 71% - Intimate partner homicide (IPH) - 497 victims (80% women, 20% men) - 21% Indigenous women

Question 39

44% of women in Canada have experienced at least one incident of sexual or physical violence since the age of 16, according to a report by Statistics Canada. This includes intimate partner violence as well as violence from other perpetrators. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant issue globally and in Canada, with serious impacts on the health and well-being of those affected.

Answer 39

- 15% of police reported violent crimes in Canada are committed against men - Men are less likely to report violence perpetrated by female partner - However, men are more likely to commit severe acts of violence against their partner

Question 40

Why are rates of physical or sexual abuse are higher among Indigenous women in Canada compared to non-Indigenous women? Due to a historical, social, and systemic factors. Some key reasons include:

Answer 40

Colonial Legacy: The legacy of colonialism, including the forced assimilation of Indigenous peoples and the imposition of European values and systems, has disrupted traditional Indigenous societies and contributed to social, economic, and cultural marginalization. This has created conditions that make Indigenous women more vulnerable to abuse. Intergenerational Trauma: The impacts of historical trauma, including the legacy of residential schools, where many Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and experienced abuse, have been passed down through generations. This can contribute to higher rates of violence within Indigenous communities. Socioeconomic Factors: Indigenous peoples in Canada often face higher rates of poverty, unemployment, and inadequate housing compared to non-Indigenous populations. These socioeconomic factors can increase the risk of violence and abuse. Systemic Racism and Discrimination: Indigenous peoples in Canada continue to face systemic racism and discrimination, which can affect their access to services and support systems. This can make it more difficult for Indigenous women to seek help or escape abusive situations. Lack of Access to Services: Indigenous communities often have limited access to culturally appropriate support services, such as shelters and counseling, which can make it challenging for women to leave abusive situations or access the help they need. Addressing the higher rates of abuse among Indigenous women requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of violence, including historical injustices, systemic discrimination, and socioeconomic inequalities. This includes supporting Indigenous-led initiatives, improving access to culturally appropriate services, and addressing the broader social and economic determinants of health and well-being.

Question 41

Global Statistics

Answer 41

- According to the World Health Organization, 1 in 3 women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a partner - In Canada, ¼ of all police-reported violent crimes are from IPV - Every six days in Canada a woman is killed by her partner. - 2 out of 3 rape cases are due to IPV - An estimated 137 women are killed by an intimate partner every day around the world in 1 in 3 women (30%) fifteen years of age or older have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from a male intimate partner or sexual violence from a non-partner, at least once in their lifetime

Question 42

What might be some factors driving Intimate Partner Violence? Micro Factors (Small systems or individual level factors):

Answer 42

Partner equality Relationship dynamics Financial stress Coping skills Personal upbringing Education

Question 43

What might be some factors driving Intimate Partner Violence? Meso Factors (Medium systems – groups, organizations, communities – social norms, organizational policies):

Answer 43

Cultural norms Gender inequality Gender roles Organizational standards Lack of provincial policies Community beliefs

Question 44

What might be some factors driving Intimate Partner Violence? Macro Factors (Large systems - broader social, economic, and political forces that shape the context in which individuals and communities live):

Answer 44

Patriarchal values and beliefs Justice Education Burden of the survivor to provide proof Religions Lack of federal policies/legislation

Question 45

TRANSGENDER What might be some factors driving Intimate Partner Violence?

Answer 45

due to the persecution of transgender individuals historically in the United States, the transgender population has the highest rates of victimization of domestic violence. In fact, somewhere between one-third and one-half of all transgender individuals will experience domestic violence at some point in their lifetime. 

Question 46

Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence

Answer 46

Women who experience IPV are more likely to experience chronic mental and physical health problems Some health consequences: Depression Anxiety Disorders PTSD Chronic pain Autoimmune disorders Cardiovascular disease STDs Self Harm Suicide Miscarriages Headaches GI Disorders

Question 48

Child witnessing IPV

Answer 48

Increased risk of psychological, social , emotional and behavioral problems (anxiety, drug abuse, etc.) Increased risk of experiencing other forms of abuse

Question 50

Trans and Gender Diverse

Answer 50

health rights for trans people vary widely around the globe - achieving trans bliss and joy will require equity, social respect and legal protections

Question 51

Trans and gender-diverse individuals often face significant barriers to accessing health care and exercising their health rights. What are some of the key issues for this population?

Answer 51

Discrimination: Trans and gender-diverse individuals frequently experience discrimination from health care providers, which can lead to avoidance of health care services altogether. Lack of Awareness and Training: Many health care providers lack understanding of the health care needs of trans and gender-diverse individuals, leading to inappropriate or inadequate care. Financial Barriers: Transition-related care, such as hormone therapy or gender-affirming surgeries, can be costly and may not be covered by insurance, putting these services out of reach for many individuals. Legal Barriers: In some places, laws and policies restrict access to gender-affirming care or require individuals to undergo invasive and unnecessary procedures to access services. Mental Health Challenges: Trans and gender-diverse individuals are at increased risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, often exacerbated by societal stigma and lack of support.

Question 52

Genderbread person-

Answer 52

Genderbread person- one framework for differentiating gender identity, expression, biological sex, attraction Version 4.0 and continuously evolving as our language and understanding changes **helps us recognize the complexity and interconnectedness of systems and identities, suggesting that simplistic binaries and individualistic perspectives may overlook important nuances and interactions within these systems. The Genderbread Person helps to illustrate that these aspects of identity (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) are separate and can vary independently. It emphasizes that gender is a complex and multifaceted aspect of identity that goes beyond just male and female categories.

Question 53

binaries in research refer to the tendency to:

Answer 53

Binaries in research refer to the tendency to categorize things into two distinct and often opposing categories. For example, in gender studies, the binary categorization of gender into male and female overlooks the diversity and complexity of gender identities.

Question 54

From a global health perspective, why is it important to avoid binaries with respect to gender? because gender is a complex social construct that impacts health outcomes in diverse ways

Answer 54

Binary understandings of gender often overlook the diversity of gender identities and expressions, leading to health interventions that may not be inclusive or effective for individuals who do not fit within traditional binary categories. Binary gender norms can create barriers to accessing healthcare for individuals who do not conform to these norms. This can lead to disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, particularly for transgender and non-binary individuals. Binary gender norms can stigmatize individuals whose gender identity does not align with traditional expectations, leading to discrimination and negative health outcomes. By adopting a more inclusive approach, researchers can better understand and address health disparities. Recognizing and respecting the diversity of gender identities is essential for upholding the human rights and dignity of all individuals, including their right to access healthcare without discrimination. By moving away from binary understandings of gender and embracing a more inclusive approach, global health efforts can better address the diverse health needs of all individuals, leading to more equitable health outcomes for everyone.

Question 55

Individualism and Intersectionality:

Answer 55

Individualism emphasizes the importance of individual autonomy, rights, and freedoms. It often contrasts with collectivism, which emphasizes the importance of the community or group over the individual. Intersectionality is a concept that suggests that individuals' identities and experiences are shaped by multiple intersecting factors, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and ability. It emphasizes that these factors cannot be understood in isolation from each other.

Question 56

Call for shift of disease-centered approach to person-centered approach

Answer 56

Research priority has been HIV/STI/sexual health Many transgender people prioritize access to quality, appropriate health care services as greater priority

Question 58

Call for shift of disease-centered approach to person-centered approach

Answer 58

Shift from disease-centered to person-centered care, addressing overall well-being, including physical, mental, and social health.Research on transgender health has focused on HIV/STIs, but broader health needs must also be prioritized.. This highlights the importance of ensuring that healthcare services are inclusive, respectful, and responsive to the needs of transgender individuals beyond just addressing specific diseases

Question 59

transgender individuals are often

Answer 59

Transgender individuals are often marginalized and underrepresented in discussions about health. By prioritizing transgender issues, we can increase visibility and ensure that the unique health needs of transgender people are addressed By starting our conversation here today, with transgender issues, we recognize that our approach to gender in global health must be inclusive and acknowledge the diversity of gender identities and experiences.

Question 60

Global health burden and needs of transgender populations(Reisner et al., 2016)

Answer 60

Limitations of data due to vital statistics tracking of gender Impact of stigma, discrimination, social and structural factors impacting health Gender affirmation as a social determinant of health - social (e.g., name, pronoun) - psychological (e.g., internal, felt self) - medical (e.g., hormones, surgical intervention, other body modification) and legal (e.g., legal gender markers, name change)

Question 61

Impact of stigma, discrimination, social and structural factors impacting health

Answer 61

Mental Health: Transgender individuals often face high levels of stigma and discrimination, which can lead to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Social and structural factors, such as lack of access to affirming healthcare or employment discrimination, can exacerbate these challenges. Physical Health: Stigma and discrimination can also impact transgender individuals' physical health. For example, transgender people may delay seeking healthcare due to fear of discrimination, leading to unmet healthcare needs and poorer health outcomes. Access to Healthcare: Transgender individuals often face barriers to accessing healthcare, including lack of culturally competent providers, financial barriers, and discriminatory practices within healthcare settings. These barriers can prevent transgender individuals from receiving necessary care and lead to disparities in health outcomes. Violence and Victimization: Stigma and discrimination can also increase the risk of violence and victimization against transgender individuals. This can have both immediate and long-term impacts on their physical and mental health. Social Support and Resilience: Despite these challenges, social support and resilience can play a protective role in the health and well-being of transgender individuals. Supportive relationships, communities, and policies can help mitigate the negative impacts of stigma and discrimination. Overall, addressing stigma, discrimination, and social and structural factors is crucial for improving the health and well-being of transgender populations. This includes ensuring access to affirming healthcare, promoting inclusive policies and practices, and fostering supportive communities and environments.

Question 62

Gender affirmation as a social determinant of health

Answer 62

Gender affirmation can be considered a social determinant of health because it directly impacts an individual's health outcomes and well-being. Gender affirmation refers to the process by which individuals' gender identities are affirmed and respected, which can include accessing gender-affirming healthcare, using chosen names and pronouns, and being recognized and treated as their self-identified gender.

Question 64

why invest in girls

Answer 64

investing in girls puts them in controls of their own destiny. Staying in school slows population growth, increases future income and the income of families and future generations to 1. every extra year of primary school boosts girls' eventual wages by 10-20%. And for every extra year of secondary school: 15-25% to 2. when a girl in the developing world receives 7+ years of school, she marries four years later 6 has 2.2 fewer children

Question 65

It is important to consider gender when considering global health and global health initiatives for several reasons. Who can tell me, based on our chat today, what those are:

Answer 65

Gender Disparities in Health: Gender plays a significant role in determining health outcomes and access to healthcare. Women and men may experience different health risks, access healthcare differently, and have different health needs. Impact of Gender Norms: Gender norms and roles can influence health behaviors, access to resources, and decision-making processes related to health. Understanding these norms is essential for designing effective health interventions. Gender-Based Violence: Gender-based violence, including intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a significant global health issue that disproportionately affects women and girls. Addressing gender-based violence is crucial for improving overall health and well-being. Reproductive Health: Gender influences reproductive health outcomes, including access to contraception, family planning services, and maternal healthcare. Addressing gender disparities in reproductive health is essential for improving maternal and child health outcomes. Intersectionality: Gender intersects with other social determinants of health, such as race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation, creating unique health experiences and disparities for individuals with multiple marginalized identities. Policy and Advocacy: Considering gender in global health initiatives is crucial for advocating for policies that promote gender equality and women's rights, which are fundamental to achieving health equity and sustainable development. Incorporating a gender lens in discussions about global health helps to ensure that interventions are inclusive, effective, and responsive to the diverse health needs of all individuals, regardless of gender.