week 10 Flashcards
(44 cards)
importance of child health
Kids are the future of our generations – without them we do not have a healthy society moving forward
Children are the most vulnerable population on the planet
Poverty closely liked with child health and child death – children with mothers with low education, poor sanitation
Short term solutions are great – need to think broader and bigger in the long term – how we sustain the things we do
Sustainable goals are helping prevent some deaths
by 2050 global population projected to be nearly
10 bilion
how many children under 5 die each year
6.6 milion - almost all preventable deaths
child health is closely linked to
poverty
- poor sanitation, unsafe water
- children of mothers with no primary education twice as likely to die by 5
where will the next 1000 babies be born?
- 1000 births in 4 minutes
india, china, nigeria, pakistan
why is the birth rate so high in some countries e.g, pakistan, india, nigeria, china
Access to healthcare that people need (contraception) – family planning
Lack of education – if women are educated, they have less babies, less children with more education, and have higher economic opportunities
More younger people having babies and they will have more, large families – lots of cultures that have large families for means of social security, farming and labour
High infant mortality – child are more likely to reach adulthood
Declining birth rates since 1960s – good not making big impact, are seen a decline in birth rates
why
4B movement – women are not engaging in sex with men due to violence
Expensive to have more children
Lifestyle switch – people living more urban centers and the lifestyle does not require the need for bigger families
Better educated and more opportunities, people are living longer
People are changing their lifestyle and values
Progress in childhood mortality
Child mortality higher in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia
Going down across the board - #3 – SDG goal preventing deaths in children under 5
Better educated, vaccines - decrease mortality,
why is child mortality going down
Eradicated polio and measles, diphtheria, mumps rubella, = all decrease
better care
Better technology
Better neonatal care
Promotion of breastfeeding for 6 months or more, - in low-income countries formula is expensive – so if we promote breastfeeding babies can live longer and healthier
Access to cleaner water
Better infrastructure
Better aid response – more timely fashion and appropriate way (in the past when children experiencing famine – companies gave food with poor nutritional value)
Partnerships – making strides, collaborations around the world and positively affecting children around the world, vaccines, and treatments and opportunities for income
1 cause of neonatal death is
preterm complications
remember these common death of children under the age of 5
- lower resp infections e.g., pneumonia
- diarrhea
- malaria
Reducing neonatal mortality involves:
- Investment in maternalcare
- Improvedlabourand deliverycare
- Focused on the 24 hours around thetime ofbirth
- Access to healthcare
- Midwives – amazing, so much expertise in one area – really good at helping close that gap and reducing mortality but not value in some societies
Lots of research can show the positive impact of midwives
Not that long ago there was lot of skeptisms
They are so important they reduce neonatal deaths
BCCNM
Breastfeeding and formula marketing (1981 WHO code)
International code by WHO – limits the marketing or controls it for formula
Purpose – limit marketing of breastmilk substitutes –
Code says you are not aloud to promote formula to nurses, they cannot promote in advertisements
To encourage breastfeeding, prevents misleading information
Which Formula is Better?
Lots pf packages have so much information
Reduces spitting up, facilitate brain function, clinically shown to do something
No artificial growth hormones
All these claims and overwhelming
Need to look at nutrients they need, and age
Different formulation
All overwhelming and very expensive
Globally the cost of formula is going to be more than breastfeeding, also boost immunity and health outcomes and increase access to nutritive foods for babies
WHO code – not always enforced
Giving one type of formula
Maybe not have access
In higher income countries
Unethical if hospital is giving enfamil – nurses was giving it to me, meanwhile all are fine
International breastmilk consortium
examine breast milk substitutes in so many companies – really nothing to back them up
e.g., lots of mineral and vitamins and lots of claims that were not supported
600 claims made on 700 packages
¼ of claims made were peered reviewed and evidence based, and some were animal studies or people were paid by the companies themselves – very unethical
How we combat – is to promote breast feeding
Global health challenges in kids
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Soil-transmitted helminths
Malaria
Measles
Pneumonia: Acute Lower Respiratory Infection
Pneumonia is the largest killer of children under 5 and leadinginfectious causeof childhood mortality
Impact is worst among the poorest and most marginalizedchildren
pneumonia risk factors
Risk factors: inadequate nutrition, Indoor air pollution, low birth weight, lack of measlesvaccination, crowding
Between 2000 and 2012 deaths frompneumonia worldwide fell by about a third
marginalized children – overall less healthy and malnourished, low birth weight, exposed to more pollution, in low-income countries lots of indoor air pollution, inadequate nutrient, lack of measles vaccination (is important can lead to pneumonia – damage to resp tract that pave the way for secondary bacterial infections to take hold), poor access, * immature immune systems make them more vulnerable, co-existence of other illness, access to adequate healthcare
Diarrhea (Skolnik, 2021)
Diarrhea is most often caused by an infection of theintestinal tract (usually a virus but can also bebacterial, protozoal and helminth -worms!)
Second-leading infectious cause of death in young children (lessthan 2 years old)
diarrhea signs and symptoms
Signs/Symptoms: dehydration, loss of nutrition or wasting, anddamage to the intestines
diarrhea treatment
: Start antibiotics, Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS), supplementalzinc, combined with continued breastfeeding, are therecommended interventions for treating diarrhea.
why zinc good for diarrhea
**zinc – immune booster, kids in low-income countries do not have access to vitamins in food, in diarrhea zinc reduces the severity and duration and boost immune system to prevent further bouts of diarrhea
why do children get diarrhea
because children are immunocompromised, access to dirty water, and poor sanitation of food
WHO in child have 3-4 bouts of diarrhea a year and children under 1 are even more
Wasting – skinny quite quickly
Stunting is malnourished over time
Diarrhea can put risk for stunting if over time
Diarrhea from rotavirus
- info
- symptoms
- prevention
- treatment
The most severe and deadly form ofdiarrhea in youngchildren
Symptoms: severe watery diarrhea,vomiting, fever and abdominal pain.
Nearly every child in the world would suffera rotavirus infection by their thirdbirthday.
More than 95%of rotavirus deaths occurin low-income countries in Africa and Asia
Vaccination is the best way to preventrotavirus illness anddeath
Severe cases need IV fluids
Antibiotics are no help
