Week 7 Flashcards
(29 cards)
The Foundations for Health and Human Rights
international bill of human rights
- universal declaration of human rights (UDHR)
- international covenant on civil and political rights (OCCPR)
- international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights
Human rights – what are they?
universal declaration of human rights
Vaccine Mandates & Public Health Orders
Freedom Convoy
began as a protest against vaccine
& mask mandates
argument these mandates and orders
were in violation of fundamental
human rights & Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms.
A Rights based Approach to Health…
Human Right- “The highest attainable standard of health as a right of every human being” (WHO constitution, 1946)
Health and Human Rights approach means the following:
- Asses health policies, programs and practices and their impact on health
- Analyze violations of HR when considering ways to improve population health
- Prioritize achievement of HR
Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR)
‘Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control’ (UDHR Article 25, 1.)
‘Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection’ (UDHR Article 25, 2.)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
- A key international human rights treaty: Protects civil and political rights
- To date 170 countries have ratified the ICCPR (legally binding)
- Focus: right of equality, liberty, security, and freedom of movement, religion, expression, and association
- Adopted by the U.N general assembly in 1966 and came into force in 1976
- Canada acceded to covenant in May 1976: Federal, provincial and territorial governments must operate in accordance with the ICCPR
International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Legally binding in 166 countries that have ratified the treaty
Right to: self-determination to pursue economic, social and cultural development, non-discrimination, and right of individuals to the equal enjoyment of ESCR rights
Focus on well being and rights to safe work conditions, fair wages, freedom from hunger, education, and physical + mental health
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
- First human rights document to focus on the rights of children (1989)
- Children defined as anyone under the age of 18
- Must have a say in decisions affecting their lives
- Give the Right to:
Be free of discrimination
Health
Education
Why are there violations to human rights
rights are not protected by laws, only moral code
United Declaration on Human Rights
Health & Human Rights in Summary
Failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health
Not respecting human rights often disproportionally affects highly stigmatized populations
Violations of human rights can directly and/or indirectly impact health
Global Citizenship
UNICEF defines global citizenship as…
“persons who understand interconnectedness, values and respects diversity, takes action in meaningful ways, and has the ability to challenge injustice”
Global Health and Ethics
Global health and ethics
- Access to healthcare & - health information
- Public Health Measures
- Research
- Access to Healthcare
Income
Where you live
Limited resources:
- Health Maximization
- Equity
- Priority to worse off
- Personal responsibility
Provision of Health Information
- Right to information about their health and health services available.
- Limited access to health information for a number of reasons: inability to connect & communicate, low literacy & education levels, corruption in governments
- Not communicating health status or providing false information about treatment and causes of illnesses is a major ethical concern
Viewing public health globally
- public good
- commodity
- development
- security threat
- Public Health Measures – Covid Experience
- Travel restrictions
- Shutting down business
- Staying 6 feet apart
- Masks (masks are good/masks are bad)
- These discussions are based on public health evidence, but political and economic systems complicate things….
- Research
Research improves health and life
Evidence finds solutions to diseases and better ways to improve interventions
Unfortunately, many research projects are not designed for those that are being ‘researched’ (participants)
Research Ethics Guidelines
The Nuremberg Code (1947)
The Belmont Report (1974)
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
The Nuremberg Code (1947)
The Nuremberg Code (1947)
- 1st document to specify the ethical principles to guide physicians engaged in human subjects research
- Need voluntary consent
The Belmont Report (1974)
The Belmont Report (1974)
Autonomy (Respect for persons)
Beneficence
Justice
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
- Set of ethical principles to guide biomedical research with human subjects
- The most influential and most cited set of international research ethics guidelines
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) key principles
Scientific validity
Fairness
Risks & benefits
Placebos
Consent
Oversight & Accountability
Autonomy - Respect for Persons
One’s right to self-determination, free from controlling influences or limitations (Beauchamp & Childress, 2002)
Informed consent: person’s right to make decisions based on accurate information regarding the nature of treatment and the risks, benefits, and alternatives to that treatment
