Week 3 Flashcards

Question

basic term of incidence

Answer 1

how many new cases are appearing of new cases each day covid-19 stats of COVID every single day

Answer 2

time of existing cases e.g., cancer and HIV increasing

Answer 3

cancer HIV - people were not living long live new treatment option and medications treating newborns born to moms who are HIV positive - with innovations in health seeing increased life expectancy in populations that did not have that expectancy a few decades ago can live for decades with HIV

Answer 4

healthy population of people that migrate out of that area - it will go up - because moving healthy people out - so prevalence increase - need to know what is actually happening to see those changes

Answer 5

incidence rate exceeds what is "expected," based on recent experience - condensed in an area e.g., in south america or brazil

Answer 6

disease that spreads through human populations across a large region all over the world

Answer 7

disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area Endemic – condensed in population but more than one population around the globe e.g., diabetes (increased by 68% in past few years), malaria, chickenpox, dengue fever

Answer 8

Currently as globe heating up – mosquito that carries it has been found in southern Europe, as climate and environment changes, the movement of disease changes Never had to worry in Europe before, because now seeing cases in Europe, opens up the path for malaria to move to other areas that were not there before Disease can move among the three now

Answer 9

1. Disease Prevention 2. Impact on Public Health Policy 3. Disease Control Measures 4. Effective Resource Allocation

Answer 10

Do we need certain vaccinations, restrictions – what needs to happen to keep people safe and minimize movement to disease and viruses around the globe Research helps inform public health policies, decisions about where money goes What to we do with limited resources we have Mpox moving through Africa Need to be able track where the highest number of cases and where it moving to try and put a boundary to stop it

Answer 11

considers distribution and impact of diseases worldwide includes both communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) emphasis on need for targeted health interventions and policies to alleviate disease prevalence

Answer 12

age, sex, income, and all those pieces we need to take into consideration

Answer 13

e.g., diabetes has increased by 64% around the globe

Answer 14

Left graph Show you how demographic population is shifting In 1900-1995 – how population is getting older People living longer greater advancement in healthcare, changes in sanitation, and environment, and social determrian s of health Right In 2020 How our population is Seeing older population

Answer 15

decrease infant mortality

Answer 16

Malaria Pneumonia Diarrhea Meningitis Measles HIV tetanus

Answer 17

2100 – our birth rate will not match our death rate Population will not be replaced, that it currently is Greater population of older people then younger people for the first time ever Child mortality rate dropping = more older Communicable disease kill children and child mortality rate decrease – aka these diseases are decreasing Why we are seeing a decline in child mortality even though these disease still exist – more kids getting vaccinated, better treatment (can treat diseases) Not happening as often and when they do we can treat Prevention is key and the cheapest thing we can do in public health – vacinations cheap cheap cheap Still see them in low income country – because low income country still the main reasons why children are dying Overall burden of disease – that burden will ldecrase, as infectious disease decreases and will not be main causes

Answer 18

Total fertility rate, 1950–2100, by GBD super-region and for the globe number of children born/women

Answer 19

followed by decline in birth rates Varies from community to community As women get older – menopause Women can bare children through certain age then cannot, as population age and birth rate not replacing – then see lower birth rates- due to not being a possibility Burden of disease

Answer 20

Top NCDs: cardiovascular disease Diabetes Mental health challenges Cancer Low back pain

Answer 21

As mortality rates goes up see an epidemiological transition Non-communicable diseases are more common and number 1 – can live longer Pandemic changes numbers Low back pain Risk factors for CVD and diabetes Intertwined – lifestyle, stress Non-communicable diseases killed 43 million people – 73% IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENGES - top depression and anxiety – linked to substance use and suicide Disproportionately low and middle income countries are affected – due to social detemriants of health

Answer 22

That epidemiologist. – prediction was that the world was getting better and better, more economic security all around Showing you trends that are happening and how information can be missed used for people to get a certain message a crossed and data can be manipulated a certain way and the message is not the full picture Ignoring some facts and sharing others National averages misleading Higher income countries struggle with mental problems Ultimately – always be aware of what you are reading, where it is coming from, who published it, what the overall goal is, know some history and context We can take numbers and communicate them in any way we want to Even when we look at the top non-communicable diseases globally – depends on who shows them This video was 2016 – older – know the statistics have changes, especially with mental health e.g., pandemic

Answer 23

Aging population urbanization Diet Reduced Physical activity Improved water & sanitation Increased use of Tobacco, alcohol

Answer 24

#1 reason seeing this is aging populations

Answer 25

cons e.g., diabetes and CVD. And urbanization – the risk factors are diet and physical activity – when someone moves to urban centre –life becomes more sedentary then someone in rural setting like farmer, also more fast food in urban – increase caloric intake and decrease physical activity – changes in body masse Positives – improved water and sanitation – decease in CD, With urbanization in crease alcohol and tobacco – see correlation with anxiety and depression

Answer 26

Coexistence of infectious and non-communicable diseases exist within the same well-focused geographical area, or even within the same family.

Answer 27

Chronic disease and infectious disease –within same geographical area or within a family Mom who during her pregnancy develops diabetes – so with gestational diabetes – blood sugar changes and body masses goes up, baby is born sick, born premature and under birth weight or opposite One day 3 women with gestational diabetes who need a c-section because baby was huge – 9, 11, 14 – so sick Developed in an environment become resistant to sugar Populations where there is malnutrition and micronutrient malnutrition – babies adapt to that change If women moves to urban setting, no longer able to adapt to the diet of from rural to urban setting – causes chronic disease increase Low-income countries – big difference between rural and urban for disease distribution

Answer 28

Different in housing situation Community on left – housing is very different, can assume that it is lower income community vs the tall building on the right hand side and their income is probably different Meters separating the two economic populations Wealthier part are at risk for NCD – because buy the foods and risk factors that leads to those disease, higher caloric intakes, lower activity levels (less activity levels at works) Who is more fortunate in terms of health? Wealthier you are – may live longer but does not necessarily mean healthier – more likely to have NCD When you live in low income country – some have no clean water or sanitation, or some may have depends on where – when you think about the population lower ecnomic – there is a general thought – why would they not want to have more money, in big house – because life is better – but not always better –now at risk for different type of disease- may live logner but quality of life may not necessarily will improve- look at all aspects of those peoples lives More is not always better Clean water and SDH – human rights are the basis Populations impacted differently based on income, diet, environement and how risk factors change when you switch

Answer 29

Globalization can bring many benefits, and can increase risk of living longer but with NCDs

Answer 30

Think about globalization in terms of geography, in terms of environment and people being impacted and how that will change their lives overall

Answer 31

DALYS and HALES

Answer 32

Disability adjusted life years (dalys)

Answer 33

Measure that quantifies the total health loss due to diseases on a local and a global scale, DALY allow us to measure and compare disease burdens disease burden related to a specific risk-factor accumulated impact of several diseases

Answer 34

An increase in DALY signifies overburdened health systems and escalating health challenges

Answer 35

Disease leads to suffering for people, for families, for communities, puts pressure on health care, public policy, where government puts funding and where health care agency and global agency targets their funding e.g., UN, WHO Need to be able to communicate what that burden is to inform decision make E.g., accumulated disease burden – accumulate overtime e.g., tobacco use 1-2 not a big change, smoking for 20-30 years COP, lung disease, CVD, accumulated risk Soembody that is 60 years old and smoked for 40 years will not have the same health as someone who never smoked

Answer 36

Health gap measure between expected life versus living life with disease The sum of years lost due to premature death (YLLs) & years lived with disability (YLDs) DALYs are also defined as years of healthy life lost

Answer 37

0.7/1 Has quite an impact on a persons life, economics, family – make it that much more challenging to function in life

Answer 38

years of healthy life loss due to disease, illness, injury DALYS = years lived with disability, illness or injury + years of life lost

Answer 39

Group 1: Communicable diseases – 35% Group 2: NCDs – 54% Group 3: injuries – 11% 2.5 billion dalys lost yearly due to combination of all three groups The gap between perfect health and having the disease Classification 0-1 and then 3 groups Impact overall population

Answer 40

If 5 year old child died Lost 81.4 years of life To calculate: Need to know incidence of disease, duration (how long are they expected to live – preveleance) and severity That means that 81.4 years of lives are lost.

Answer 41

then the death of a 60-year-old would result in a loss of 27.8 years of life.

Answer 42

HALEs Health Adjusted Life Expectancy # years in good health. The higher number, the better!

Answer 43

DALYs Disability Adjusted Life Expected Summary of years lost due to premature death plus number of years living with disability. The higher this number, definitely not the better

Answer 44

When you compare – HALE is the health adjusted life expectancy – how many years are expected to be in good health – want the high number, healthy DALY is the gap – not a good thing to be high, disability or disease

Answer 45

Living more in urban areas Living longer – aging population, increased lifespan

Answer 46

As one goes down one goes up – people need to go somewhere urban regions increasing in population size and rural areas decreasing (more increase in less developed urban areas)

Answer 47

"Epidemiology studies distribution and determinants of health-related states or events to the control diseases and other health problems Addressing epidemiological transitions, GBD, NCDs, and improving the SDOH are necessary for sustainable improvements in global health Progress and change is Not that straightforward – many turns, u turns and factors that impact the journey

Answer 48

children 1. low birthweight 2. short gestation 3. child underweight 4. household air pollution from solid fuels 5. child wasting 6. child stunting 7. unsafe water source 8. ambient particulae matter pollution 9. unsafe sanitation and handwashing 10. no access to handwashing facility people aged 70+ 1. high blood pressure 2. high fasting plasma glucose (high blood sugar) 3. smoking 4. ambient particulate matter pollution 5. high body mass index 6. kidney dysfunction 7. high LDL cholesterol 8. household air pollution from solid fuels 9. diet high in sodium 10. lead exposure in bone

Answer 49

Promotion and prevention because NCDs coming on strong If we do think of prevention vs treatment Need to happen now We just keep moving goal post – but by doing that never actually doing it Need action now to see change in 25 years Modifiying those risk factors is important

Answer 50

Drivers of change Overall life expectancy is increasing – by 4.6 years Why are we seeing increased in life expectancy by 2050. – less infectious diseases, more advanced in healthcare Can make it longer even – because a lot of risk factors are behavioural Health promotion is key Canada does not have a health promotion healthcare system – just try to fic – cost more money and not as effective

Answer 51

leading causes of disease burden worldwide in 2022 versus 2050 - ischemic heart disease stays number one Heart disease is staying at the top Can we make a difference to attend to it? Absolutely – because diet, tobacco use, sedentary life style are modifiable things, can change what I , how much I move – all choices I Make In those choices I am changing risk factors for disease Individuals also have a responsible globally to take care of themselves so the overall burden of disease is not felt Drop in neonatal disroders Drop in resp disorders Low back pian – sitting all the time, inflammation from sugar, all these things Right Vaccine See those disease become less prevalent If we change behavoiour – we have th ability to change what is forcasted to hapeen in the enxt 25 years

Answer 52

major depressive disorders come 4th as most important cause of DALYs lost

Answer 53

ischemic heart disease respiratory distress CVD

Answer 54

= Increase incidence of NCDs. Changing patterns in graph of tobacco consumptions – more in medium or low income countries - increase NCD incidence high income staying relatively steady Strain healthcare systems

Answer 55

Increase caloric intake Increase fat Shift from complex to simple carbs Increase salt Decrease dietary fiber & micronutrients Last transition is nutritional transition One of the main drivers in our health Need to be healthy to stay healthy

Answer 56

Access & affordability – can go either way Success or failure depending on what it is and how it unfolds Some good positives In terms of HIV care and treatment Mosquito necks – insecticide embedded – to prevent spread of malaria Ultimately success or failure depends on what is occurring what the response is and if there is actyally a repsonse

Answer 57

Do not always affect our living conditions, but affect somebodies Displaced people – possessions, clothing, housing, no longer in communities – where wlil they go, not working, rely on somebody else for water, food and safety Collapse of healthcare systems Mental health – PTS, depression, anxiety, fear So many layers to it

Answer 58

Fires in California Affects health of population Challenged by sanitation, housing, will not hold up Spread on infectious diseases Fires main concerns – smoke, air pollution – impact people who are living with chronic disease and potential y cause other issues to happen Loss of agriculture, land, loss of forests, loss of income, house Economy – people need to work, but people at work worry about family 1000s of people will loose their jobs if Disney land burns down Certain events impact people

Answer 59

Reforms Increased global trade Decreased exposure to infections Increase quality of housing Higher traffic accidents Changes in access and affordability - Improvements in health technology

Answer 60

social determants of health

Answer 61

MAJOR INFLUENCE on people’s lives much more pronounced in less developed area like sub-Saharan Africa, and certain areas of Asia. More people in small geographical area Major influence in terms of living conditions Shift in physical activity, movement, intake – diet, more calories, increase alcohol, tobacco with urbinzation These increase NCD Increase taboccaco = CVD, COPD e.g., NCD ting at :4:22 and follow transcript4:22So all these changes related to urban and modern living conditions will increase the risk of NCDs.

Answer 62

- changes in diet and physical activity. In some places intake of alcohol and tobacco will also increase during urbanization. Play video starting at :3:55 and follow transcript3:55We'll come back to diet in a moment, but in relation to physical activity a better infrastructure, commuting by road to and from work, and then generally having a more sedentary lifestyle, and work life, Play video starting at :4:10 and follow transcript4:10in the towns and cities, will often result in a much lower level of physical activity as compared to the traditional rural life, maybe as a hard-working farmer. Play video starting at :4:22 and follow transcript4:22So all these changes related to urban and modern living conditions will increase the risk of NCDs.

Answer 63

55% in 2022 – now in 2050 75% in urban areas Less population in rural areas Farming? Food source? Kelowna is the fastest growing metropolitan area in Canada (multiple cities in Kelowna) Historically 30 years ago – no building in the city higher than 3 stories Seeing declining birth rates overall, will see some areas where populations are increasing Most dramatic is urban areas in low income regions

Answer 64

Demographic changes Urbanization Economic growth Climate changing War & conflicts Improvements in health care measures and systems Changes in agriculture and natural resources management

Answer 65

Demographic- rural to urban Economic growth – has positives but not all positive Health systems Agriculture and resources managmement Important thing to consider is that all of theses are linked together none operate in isolation

Week 3 Flashcards

(91 cards)