Week 9 Flashcards

Question

4) Contraception & Abortion

Answer 1

permanent - female sterilization: 0.5% - male sterilization: 0.15% most effective - implant (0.1%) - IUD (0.4-0.85) less effective reversible - injection or shot 4% - the pill 7% - patch 7% - ring 7% - diaphragm 17% least effective reversible - male condom 13% - female condom 21% - withdrawl or pull out 22% - sponge 14-27% - fertilizer-based awareness - 2-23% - spermicide - 215

Answer 2

- findland is highest - canada, USA, brazil, chile, china

Answer 3

Education Availability Social norms, culture

Answer 4

Limited access - Provider bias Limited choice of methods Cultural or religious Fear of side effects Poor service quality

Answer 5

Availability is the infrastructure in place, are the devices available for women to use, provider bias Biases from providers where they will give contraception to certain people or not at all, depends where we are geographically Side effects or risks factors for blood clots or certain types of lifestyles – than oral contraceptives are not first choice, some side effects are not worth it Not offered pain control for IUD insertion – follow up not always well addressed - equity

Answer 6

Jan 2025 USA abortion Supreme courts decision dobs vs Jackson cases – end the constitutional right to an abortion – the states followed after that with a full ban or ban after certain week of gestation Roe vs Wade it overturned

Answer 7

the turnaway study conducted at the university of california, San Francisco, shows that women experience harm from being denied a wanted abortion these findings have far-reaching implications for lawmakers, judges, health agencies and others as they consider policies that restrict abortion access

Answer 8

Looks at implications that extend far beyond a women and the people around her Implications for our policies and our government and our healthcare Not one single decisions that ahs one aspects, things do not work in silos Not one geographical place the ripple effect happens around the globe

Answer 9

Feb 2024 – incident where a patient in a healthcare facility was able to access a store of frozen embryos and destroyed the container the embryos were contained in and broke and the embryos were none viable – healthcare facility sued Ruled that embryos that are created through IVF are considered children Led to embryos being protected under the wrongful death of a minor act Couple that undergo embryo and embryos that are frozen and many of them and they had children and some embryos still there in Alabama they cannot be taken out of their cold storage as it becomes wrongful death of a minor act –Impacts from one decision Be curious – not only one situation that leads to a policy, may sound good for some and not for others, creates a box Alabama’s Supreme Court ruled frozen embryos are ‘children’

Answer 10

What does it mean for IVF clinics? In Alabama no longer have IVF it has been stopped What does it mean for HCP? Scary to deal with embryos, drop it and wrongful death of a minor, huge implications, mora injury (have to make decisions that go against your beliefs – cause for burnout) Can no longer work in that field cause it doesn’t exist, or policies and laws where it has chaged and you are expected to function under those standards What does it mean for patients? - Persons right to chose to keep them or not

Answer 11

reproductive control of Indigenous women continues around the world say suriviors and researchers survivors of forced sterilization and coerced contraception from Canda, peru, and indeonesia will meet with researchers to share stories, heal, and advocate for change

Answer 12

Its something that we know about in terms of happening with indigenous women, teenagers many years ago (parents have chose to have female daughters sterilized as well) Is it still happening – yes based on what is seen in practice, is it documented Ways that physicians can work around it, huge controversial and sensitive topic Forced is not a choice Empowerment and womens rights – those are not being respected or upheld in this particular situation Not just something that we know has happened, in Canada with indigenous women, in literature, we see that it has happened in many indigenous populations throughout the globe

Answer 13

indigenous women in canada forcibly sterilized decades after other rich countries stopped 5 class actions suits that are happening in Canada and contend that the practice has not stopped Colonization and genocide in Canada – genocide related to indigenous populations this related to that

Answer 14

- a woman dies of pregnancy related causes every 2 minutes - most of these deaths are preventable with the right care at the right time Those procedures and process can lead to morbidity and mortality Add in all the other pieces like FGM, abortions not done in facilities that are clean and safe, the stats might be higher when considering all aspects of maternal health Most of the deaths are preventable – right care and right time are extremely important

Answer 15

Red is higher - in some african countries Still exists in high income countries 1/16 women dies of pregnancy related deaths in developing countries Canada has not seen a big shift in maternal mortality rates Good progress in lower income countries, but the stats there were very concerning in the frist place, they are getting better but not comparable to high income countries 99% of deaths occur in a developing country 70% of all material deaths occur due to bleeding, infection or eclampsia 1% of all material deaths occur in high income countries

Answer 16

Pregnancy, childbirth and up to 42 days post partum

Answer 17

Causes Direct – hemorrhage, infection, and hypertensive disorders. Indirect – malaria, anemia, HIV/AIDS, CVD

Answer 18

Risk factors - General health and nutritional status - Age - Location - Education - Income

Answer 19

1. hemorrhage (27%) 2. hypertensive disorders (14%) 3. sepsis (11%) 4. other indirect causes (28%) 5. other direct causes (9%) 6. abortion complications 8% 7. blood clots/embolism 3%

Answer 20

#1 cause for women to die after childbirth is hemorrhage, iron deficiency anemia, insufficient blood volume – already compromised Then infection, hypertension (global burden of disease – top 3 concerns)

Answer 21

Gestational diabetes Hypertensive Disorders Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) 30% globally - aged 15-49 yrs Unsafe Abortions - Lack of access to safe, timely, affordable, geographical reachable, and respectful abortion care is a public health and human right issue.

Answer 22

First two challenges (when thinking about global burden of disease) - Gestational diabetes can cause macrosomia (big baby) - Hypertensive disorders – during pregnancy can lead to baby lower in birth weight and has not put on enough body fat to sustain themselves in the first few days after both and can cause a lot of morbidities for both mom and babies - NCDs how do they relate to the first two? - Top global burden of disease Ischemic heart disease (hypertensive) - Diabetes (gestational diabetes can lead to it), can also cause heart problems Antepartum before birth - IPV increase for. Women when they become pregnant (30% between 15-40, with each subsequent pregnancy goes up) - Leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality are abortions 45% percent are done unsafely – 97% in low- and middle-income countries

Answer 23

Obstructed Labour - Lack of oxygen to baby - Infant death - Uterine rupture, infection Hemorrhage - 14 million - resulting in about 70,000 deaths globally (WHO, 2022)

Answer 24

preventable

Answer 25

Common factors contributing to reproductive health disparities: 1. Healthcare system 2. Education 3. Cultural practices and beliefs 4. Government policies

Answer 26

4 key actions will help ensure more effective health coverage - availability - educate more midwives and use international standards -ensure midwives can focus on midwifery practice - accessibility - ensure financial protection for access to basic health services - acceptability - provide respectful care - dispal common misconceptions about midwives - quality - close gaps in infrastructures and resources for maternal and newborn health - regulate, resgister and re-license midwives

Week 9 Flashcards

(53 cards)