Week 10 Flashcards
(39 cards)
motor learning –>
behavioral component
What does motor learning emphasize?
the brain’s role in acquiring, planning, initiating, and modifying movement
motor control –>
physioloigcal component
motor control is an are of study dealing with:
the understanding of the physiological and neural aspects of movement (may also be described as neuromuscular control)
Motor control includes the Interaction of CNS, PNS and musculoskeletal systems that execute:
movement and monitor/ integrate sensory information.
Why do we study the cognitive map?
it is a group of abstract ideas that help to describe the control of movement and how a movement can be learned by an individual
What does a cognitive map usually include?
contains underlying assumptions:
• interaction of central or peripheral control mechanisms
(• what variables determine the organization of control?)
What framework does a cognitive map provide??
- explains the key variables around which movement is organized
- predicts movement control outcomes based on manipulation of these variables
- guide for hypothesis-driven clinical action ( results in active problem solving by the clinician)
What is one important characteristic of all motor control theories?
Include an explanation of how we control coordination (ie what variables is the nervous system trying to control and command?)
What is coordination?
patterning of head/body/limbs relative to patterning of environment and objects (this definition holds, regardless of the skill of the performer)
When we have multiple solutions possible it is called:
motor redundancy or motor adbundance
Degrees of freedom =
describes the number of ways in which a given unit (part of the body) is capable of moving
What is degrees of freedom related to?
• # of joints moving
• number of muscles/motor units activated
(Example: consider # of joints needed to pick up the cup of coffee)
In the degrees of freedom problem, under normal circumstance, ________________________________ exists between a motor problem (task) and a motor solution.
NO ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE
In the degrees of freedom problem, you have what redundancies?
• redundant anatomical df’s (diff mms/joints)
• redundant kinematics df’s
(diff trajectories, velocities, acceleration / can still achieve same goal)
• redundant neuruophysiological df’s (multiple neurons for same mm)
(mental framework) There are 2 predominant theoretical approaches to explain how skilled movement is coordinated and controlled, they are:
- top-down
2. dynamic interaction
(mental framework) top-down =
existence of a command center in brain that makes all decisions regarding movement
(mental framework) dynamic interaction =
- command center can’t account for all variations of skilled movement
- skilled movement emerges from dynamic interaction of variables in body, environment, and skill
open loop control (feed-forward) =
- downplays feedback in initiation and execution
- suggests top-down hierarchy
(** discrete)
(*** relies on central command / almost a pre-packaged program)
closed-loop (feedback) =
- explain movement as outcome of feedback-initiated reflex actions and pre-patterned neural systems
- error detection & correction maintain desired goal
(** serial & continuous)
what is the fundamental difference between closed-loop and open-loop control?
fundamental difference = presence of feedback to modify motor demand during the movement
Open-loop control mechanisms include a two-level hierarchy:
- executive (command center generates action plan that contains all necessary information to complete motor response
- effectors = mm and limbs; carry out command without modification
input –> [perception–> decision making –> motor command]–> output
What is the role of feedback in an open-loop control?
- feedback constantly present, but comes too late to adjust the ongoing movement
- once pre-structured commands are initiated, command must run as planned
- feedback received can be used only to modify subsequent attempts
When is open loop control most effective?
for controlling movement that occurs in stable, predictable environments where need for modification is LOW
- advance instructions are given that specify what is to be performed, as well as sequence and timing (including movements of accuracy in short duration movements and rapid movement (
