Week 7 Lecture Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
In the human information processing as a computer metaphor:
- Sensory systems take in information from an _________________ source
- Perceptual processes lead to creation of some form of symbolic representation of ________________ and __________________
- Information is compared with _____________________________and processed for learning
- Speed of processing determines when _____________ occurs
- Information output can result in various kinds and qualities of ________________.
A
- Sensory systems take in information from an EXTERNAL source
- Perceptual processes lead to creation of some form of symbolic representation of ENVIRONMENTAL and TASK
- Information is compared with EXISTING MEMORY STORES and processed for learning
- Speed of processing determines when OUPTUT occurs
- Information output can result in various kinds and qualities of MOVEMENT.
2
Q
see slide 5
A
see slide 5
3
Q
stimulus identification (perception) –>
A
response selection (decision making)
4
Q
response selection (decision making) –>
A
response execution
5
Q
what is an example of stimulus identification:
A
icy sidewalk
6
Q
What is an example of response selection:
A
take smaller steps
7
Q
What is an example of response execution:
A
decrease push-off in gait
8
Q
stimulus identification =
A
receptors transform stimuli into coding impulses
9
Q
What are 3 coding impulses of stimulus identification:
A
- frequency (or rate) coding
- temporal coding
- population coding
10
Q
perception –>
A
meaning is assigned to stimuli
11
Q
What 3 components of of perception:
A
- pattern recognition
- stimulus features
- predictive capablities
12
Q
Response selection compares choices from existing:
A
motor memory stores
13
Q
In response execution, the CNS may organized the following details:
A
- muscles to perform the task
- temporal onset of muscle action (relative timing - e.g. from GMP)
- muscle organization force / duration (parameters)
14
Q
Output =
A
organized movement response
15
Q
Movement preparation takes __________ time.
A
finite
16
Q
Reaction time (RT) =
A
between “go” signal and response initiation
17
Q
movement time (MT) =
A
between response initiation and response termination
18
Q
response time =
A
from “go” signal to response termination
19
Q
foreperiod =
A
between warning signal and “go” signal
20
Q
what is the most common measure of cognitive performance/ information processing with movement?
A
reaction time
21
Q
Does reaction time include the movement itself?
A
no
signal may be a sound, light, snap of a football…
22
Q
Why use reaction time?
A
can be used to infer multiple characteristics of movement
23
Q
What characteristics of movement can reaction time be used to infer?
A
- mental processing
2. situation recognition - recognition of environmental hazards, interaction with the EN
24
Q
simple RT =
A
one signal, one movement
25
choice RT =
>1 signal, different response for each signal
26
discrimination RT =
> 1 signal, one response
27
What type of RT situation has the fasted RT time?
simple RT
28
Which is the most difficult RT situation?
discrimination Rt
29
Where can the system break down in pts in perceiving sensation?
* lack of peripheral sensation - e.g. diabetic neuropathy
| * perception of sensation - parietal lobe lesions
30
Where can the system break down in pts in response selection?
• brain injury, vestibular lesions
31
Where can the system break down in pts in response execution?
* slowed movement - Parkinson's Disease
| * musculoskeletal pain
32
List some Task/Environmental factors that influence movement preparation during stimulus identification:
1. stimulus intensity
2. stimulus type
3. stimulus predictability
33
List some Task/Environmental factors that influence movement preparation during response selection:
1. stimulus-response compatibility
| 2. number of choices
34
List some Task/Environmental factors that influence movement preparation during response execution:
1. movement complexity
| 2. accuracy demands
35
visual stimulus (light) RT =
~ 200ms
36
auditory stimulus (buzzer) RT =
~180ms
37
Force-period (FP) =
time between warning signal and Go signal
38
RT improves with (during FP) =
* time predictability and
| * stimulus predictability
39
Time predictability =
optimal force-period length (1-4 seconds)
40
Stimulus predictability =
* football snap signals
| * orchestra downbeat
41
FP is dependent on attention:
if you divert attention b/n the pre-cue and the signal to move, the benefit of the pre-cue is lost
42
RT increases as foreperiod interval increases e.g. longer the Foreperiod length, __________________________ .
the longer the RT to stimulus ('go' signal)
43
stimulus-response compatibility =
extent to which stimulus and response naturally related
44
If stimulus-response compatibility is low -->
increased preparation time
45
If stimulus-response compatibility is high -->
decreased preparation time
46
A decision making study of simple vs choice RT found (right finger on button; finger on button):
* press right when right light comes on
| * press left when left comes one
47
Hick's law =
as number of choice increases: reaction time increases
48
Specifically hick's law found:
as the number of decision increases, RT increases by about 150 ms.
49
RT increases nearly linearly as # of stimulus-response choices:
DOUBLES
50
What is the biggest influence on movement time?
interval between start and completion of movement
51
(Movement time) When used in conjunction with RT measures can determine whether movement is being planned in:
advance of movement or during execution
52
Rapid movements (
advance planning
53
Greater accuracy demands required:
increased amount of preparation time
54
What is the logarithmic speed/ accuracy tradeoff (3 factors interact):
1. how far you have to move
2. how fast you move
3. how accurate you need to be
55
Fitt's law =
MT = a + b log2(2D/W)
56
MT =
movement time
57
D =
distance moved
58
W =
target size
59
Average _____________________ increases as _________________ increases and ____________________ decreases.
Average MOVEMENT TIME (MT) increases as MOVEMENT AMPLITUDE (D) increases and TARGET WIDTH (W) decreases.
60
log2 (2D/W) =
index of difficulty
61
index of difficulty =
as targets get smaller or farther apart, the movement time gets longer)
62
the index of difficulty can be applied to:
* aiming tasks
* reaching / grasping
* piano playing
* pegs into holes ... etc
63
(Fitt's law) How does this apply to movement (action) preparation?
* need to prepare movement goal (do i go fast or do I try to be accurate)
* need to select program for ballistic movement
* need to prepare how to stop (example of putting a key into a keyhole)
64
(influence of instruction type) If emphasize speed, movement latency will:
decrease at the cost of accuracy
65
(influence of instruction type) If emphasize accuracy, latency will:
increase but accuracy improves
66
If the level of arousal is too high, at a certain level, the quality of performance:
decreases
67
True or false: Level of arousal can be too high or too low?
True
68
The optimal level of arousal depends on difficulty of task. Higher arousal for _____________ tasks to reach maximum performance ; lower level of arousal for _____________ task to reach maximum performance.
Higher arousal for EASY tasks
| (slightly) Lower arousal for HARDER tasks
69
Performer characteristic influencing movement preparation is TASK EXPERIENCE. For this there are 2 types of attention focuses:
1. signal (sensory set)
| 2. movement (motor set)
70
Signal (sensory set) =
focus on sound of gun (signal)
71
movement (motor set) =
focus on moving as quickly as possible (movement required)
72
Sensory set RT __________________ motor set RT by ~20ms
faster than
73
Age is a performer characteristic influencing movement preparation. RT more variable with age (not just speed of mental processing). Older adults:
* are more thorough with response monitoring
| * tend to attend to one stimulus, ignore another
74
Sleep is a performer characteristic influencing movement preparation. Deprivation causes:
longer RT and missing stimuli (24 hours sleep deprivation lengthened RT of 20-25 year old subjects; no effect on 52-63 year old subjects)
75
RT gets longer with mental ___________.
fatigue
| but not muscular fatigue
76
Physical fitness is important more fit =
faster RT (attributed to increased arousal)
77
Distraction is a performer characteristic influencing movement preparation.
Background noise decreases RT by:
inhibiting parts of cerebral cortex
| .... cell phones
78
Evidence shows that the perception of increased productivity when multitasking is a _____________.
fallacy
79
Up to 50% of all motor vehicle accidents (MVA) can be related to:
driver inattention
80
85% of cell phone owners use while driving. True or false?
True
81
_______% of people in MVA's used cell phone within 10 min prior to accident
24
82
Driving simulator studies showed drivers missed ______________ more traffic signals while on phone and RT significantly _____________.
2x
longer
83
Is there is a significant difference between hand-held and hands-free cell phone use?
NO
Thus, it's not that your hand is off the wheel, but that your MIND is distracted
84
Drivers also show movement coordination problems with:
hands-free unit
85
Accident risk when using cell phone while driving is 5.36X ______________ than undistracted driver
greater
| the same as drivers with BAC = 0.8, the legal limit for DUI
86
Texting is even worse:
accounting for 25% of all driving accidents
87
Surveys show that a high percentage of drivers have the belief that the law of attention does not apply to them. True or false?
True
i.e. they have seen others impaired by multitasking but they, themselves, are the exception
88
Increase size, contrast, and or intensity of stimuli for:
identification
89
Practice under a variety of:
stimulus conditions
90
If possible:
simplify the movement
91
Pre-cue pts on:
what to expect
92
Teach patient to anticipate=
problem solve potential obstacles or hazards
