Week 9 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Define memory:
A
an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
2
Q
Memory is intimately involved in:
A
motor learning
3
Q
Numerous conditions may detrimentally affect our patients’ memory ability in what two types of memory?
A
- encoding (formation)
* consolidtaion
4
Q
Clinical intervention applications for memory are:
A
- maximize memory formation
* nervous system priming through therapeutic interventions
5
Q
What are the 2 dimensions that memory can be classified along?
A
- nature -of the information stored
2. time course of storage
6
Q
The nature of the information stored =
A
multiple memory systems
7
Q
The time course of storage =
A
multi-store model
8
Q
What are two primary memory systems?
A
- declarative
2. nondeclarative
9
Q
Declarative memory =
A
explicit memory
10
Q
“knowing that…” is an example of what type of memory?
A
declarative
11
Q
Two types of declarative memory are:
A
- semantic
2. episodic
12
Q
Semantic memory =
A
- memory of facts about the world
* information stored may include rules of a game, components of a skill, or neuroscience exam answers
13
Q
Episodic memory (autobiographical) =
A
- capacity to re-experience an event in the context in which it originally occurred
- requires additional brain areas to those for semantic memory
14
Q
declarative memory is mediated by medial temporal regions of the brain:
A
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- hippocampal gyrus
15
Q
In the case of H.M., removal of _______________ region to treat seizures
A
medial temporal
16
Q
procedural memory is an example of what type of memory? and is synonymous with what type of memory?
A
example of nondeclarative
synonymous with implicit
17
Q
“knowing how…” is an example of ____________ memory
A
procedural
18
Q
Procedural memory encompasses ______________________________, is recalled without __________________________, and is assessed through ___________________________.
A
Procedural memory encompasses HABITS AND MOTOR BEHAVIORS, is recalled without CONSCIOUS EFFORT, and is assessed through TESTING OF MOTOR SKILLS.
19
Q
Name the two types of declarative memory:
A
- facts
- events
(** medial temporal lob diencephalon)
20
Q
Name the 4 types of nondeclarative memory:
A
- procedural (skills and habits)
- priming and perceptual learning
- simple classical conditioning
- nonassociative learning
21
Q
Two examples of simple classical conditioning are:
A
- emotional responses
2. skeletal responses
22
Q
Procedural memory is mediated by the:
A
striatum
23
Q
priming and perceptual learning is mediated by:
A
neocortex
24
Q
emotional responses (of simple classical conditioning) is mediated by:
A
amygdala
25
skeletal responses (of simple classical conditioning) is mediated by:
cerebellum
26
Nonassociative learning is mediated by:
reflex pathways
27
The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory comprises 3 structural (hardware) components:
1. sensory register
2. short term (working) memory
3. long-term storage
28
The sensory register is also known as:
somatosenory memory
29
somatosensory memory =
visual, auditory, proprioceptive, and tactile
30
Somatosensory memory has a ___________________________ capacity and ______________________ duration.
large (almost limitless) capacity and
very short duration (250-1000ms)
31
The duration allot in somatosensory memory is long enough to:
develop perception of stimuli
32
Sensory register is discarded without:
selective attention
33
selective attention =
when the brain filters out unnecessary inputs, moves attended information to working (short-term) memory
34
selective attention occurs between what two phase of memory?
between sensory register and working memory
35
working memory =
short term memory
36
working memory plays a role in processing of:
conscious thougts
37
Working memory is ______________________ capacity and ___________________ duration.
small, limited duration (7+- items)
brief duration (20-30 seconds)
38
without rehearsal, working memory is:
lost
39
Chunking =
* grouping items to make larger collections in memory
| * identifying relationships between items
40
long-term memory is relatively ___________________ capacity for rehearsed items, once transferred from short term memory
limitless
41
long term memory has a ______________ duration
possibly lifelong
42
Forgetting is possible with longterm memory, due to different types of:
interference or retrieval failure
43
Name the 3 stages of memory formation:
1. encoding
2. consolidation
3. storage (retention)
44
encoding involves:
rehearsal
45
consolidation involves:
stabilization and enhancement
46
Storage involves:
reactivation (recall)
47
encoding =
memory representation formed
48
rehearsal =
transform represtnation from working memory to long-term storage
49
consolidation =
memory becomes more permanent
50
stabilization =
maintenance of motor skill performance off-line without practice; not dependent on sleep
51
enhancement =
improvement in performance of a skill off-line; sleep dependent
52
storage (retention) =
maintenance of memory over time
53
reactivation (recall) =
memory brought out of storage for use
54
training -->
memory formation and within-session fast learning
55
memory formation and within-session fast learning -->
consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning)
56
consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning) -->
memory reactivation and modification
57
memory reactivation and modification -->
long-term memory retention
58
At one point of the learning cycle does "susceptibility to interference and/or performance deterioration occur?"
between memory formation and within-session fast learning AND consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning)
59
Long-term memory retention leads to -->
additional practice, re-testing and/ or sleep
| which leads to --> memory reactivation and modification
60
passage of time and/or sleep occurs during:
consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning)
61
Encoding =
fast learning (aka within session learning)
62
Encoding is the formation of the memory trace during:
active practice of task
63
Encoding is defined by rehearsal in:
working memory
64
Rehearsal in working memory leads to a shift from hippocampal processing to:
respective motor memory centers
65
Working memory is highly influenced by ____________________________ and ____________________________.
selective attention and
| active problem solving
66
During encoding learner processes:
relevant information about a task
67
During encoding, the learner makes an association between what 3 factors?
1. goal
2. movement
3. movement outcome
68
Feedback, during encoding, is used to:
modulate further responses
69
Manipulation of practice environment will influence:
cognitive processing
| ex: random vs blocked
70
Encoding lasts ______________, and is ____________ sensitive to disruption.
minutes to hours
and
is highly sensitive to disruption
71
The molecular mechanism of encoding involves:
short-term potentiation
72
short term potentiation =
modification of pre-existing proteins
(ex: • modification of ionic channels
* mobilization of neurotransmitter receptors)
73
consolidation is the ability to stabilize and enhance memories:
off-line
74
During consolidation, much of learning takes place when?
after practice
75
Molecular mechanisms, of consolidation, that give rise to structural changes in synapses include:
* long term potentiation (LTP)
* gene transcription
* protein synthesis
76
Research has identified consolidation as a set of post-acquisition, time-dependent processes where motor memory becomes:
more stable over time
77
Off-line processing is the beginning of:
storage
78
Off-line process evolves over a __________ hour period
4-6
79
Off-line process is believed to encompass start of long-term modifications in synapse ________________ and ________________.
strength and number
80
Motor memory consolidation is susceptible to ____________________ by external influences
"interference"
81
Newly formed motor memories are consolidated over the course of:
multiple hours
82
As the time since motor skill acquisition increases, the susceptibility to interference:
decreases
83
Brain activity during motor memory consolidation influences skill:
retention and transfer
84
What are two tools in research that have supported consolidation interference?
• transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
-- Task --> TMS --> Retest
• repetitive magnetic pulses to M1
85
Consolidation metaphor:
off the counter-top and into the cub-board
86
The application theory describes that learning and subsequent recall of movement skill can be enhanced by:
1. increasing amount of original learning
2. fostering understanding of task to be learned
3. Mnemonics (memory aids)
4. contextual interference during practice
5. spacing of practice (distributed practice)
87
Distributed practice effect on practice / protein synthesis:
creates more opportunities to kick off protein synthesis --> increase consolidation and increased ability to maintain selective attention
88
Cardiovascular (CV) exercise contributes to ____________________ cognitive function
maintaining or enhancing
89
The most powerful influence on executive control tasks involving frontal areas of the brain is:
CV exercise
90
Recent data show CV exercise triggers:
biochemical cascade that may enhance memory processing
91
The influence of exercise on memory acutely is?
CV exercise are time dependent
92
Different stages of memory formation (i.e. encoding, consolidation, recall) are facilitated depending on:
time of exercise performance
93
Acute and long-term CV interventions --> 2 fundamentally different distinct stages to:
improve memory
94
Exercise bout performed BEFORE or DURING learning exposure activates mechanisms that:
lower threshold for acquisition (encoding)
95
Exercise effects may persist after exercise such as:
* may influence initial consolidation process
| * largest effects of acute exercise on memory occur with delayed retention (vs. immediate retention)
96
Long-term CV exercise does not improve memory significantly, BUT does have priming effect of:
mechanisms for memory processing
97
Long-term CV optimizes the effect of a single bout of:
acute exercise
98
True or false: More benefit is gained from EX/ learning if in shape.
True
99
There are timing effects of exercise due to ___________ of molecular mechanisms in encoding and consolidation
priming
100
A single bout of acute CV exercise results in benefits of priming in molecular mechanisms. Dopamine -->
Epinephrine -->
Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) -->
short-term
long-term retention
both (short and long)
101
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates survival and differentiation of:
neuronal populations during development
102
BDNF promotes differentiation, neurite extension, and survival in:
hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellar neurons
103
Acute effects of BDNF -
enhance synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability
104
Chronic effects of BDNF -
protein synthesis (mRNA translation/ transcription) --> architectural modification of motor centers
105
The BDNF gene regulation and protein release are:
activity-dependent
106
In rats, 156% increase in BDNF after 3 days ___________________ exercise
voluntary
107
In humans, peripheral BDNF elevate significantly after __________________ exercise.
acute aerobic
108
________- response of BDNF is not clear, equiviocal results for chronic exercise on BDNF __________________, and preliminary evidence that BDNF effects ________________ inversely related to VO2max, BMI, ________________ and total cholesterol.
Dose
concentrations
triglyceride
109
Increase in physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular) are ____________________ effects of exercise.
indirect
110
increase in neurotropic growth factors (eg, BDNF, NT-3) are __________________ effects of aerobic ex.
direct
111
increase in neurotransmitters (eg, dopamine, seratonin) are ________________ effects of aerobic exercise.
direct
112
Increase in physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular) leads to:
* decrease in systemic and CNS inflammation
| * increase in cerebral blood flow
113
Increase in neurotropic growth factors (eg, BDNF, NT-3) leads to:
* increased neuroplasticity
* increased neurogenesis
* neuroprotection
114
Indirect and direct effects of aerobic exercise lead to:
Brain health
• increased cognitive function (ie, learning, memory, attention), increased mood, increased arousal, increased neurodegeneration
115
Future questions about the influence of BDNF Val66Met single nucleotide polymorphism indicate that _________________ of Caucasian and up to ______________________ of the Asian population have this polymorphism
20-30%
70%
116
Potential for ______________ neuronal excitatory transmission or disinhibition in Val66Met population
increased
117
Additionally there could be a _______________ modification of BDNF expression.
epigenetic
118
Sleep is classified into 2 stages:
1. Non-REM
| 2. REM
119
Non-rem has ______________ stages?
4
120
What is the first stage of non-REM sleep?
transition from wakefulness --> sleep
121
What is the second stage of non-REM sleep?
conscious awareness fades completely
122
What is stage 3-4 of non-REM sleep?
slow wave sleep (slow delta wave activity & deep sleep)
123
REM sleep =
paradoxical sleep - EEG pattern similar to normal wakefullness pattern
124
Stages of Healthy Sleep (see slide 42)
Stages of Healthy Sleep (see slide 42)
125
```
Young adults spend:
_____% in REM sleep
_____% in stage 1 Non-REM
_____% in stage 2 Non-REM
_____% stage 3-4 Non-REM
```
17-23% in REM sleep
3-7% in stage 1 Non-REM
45-55% in stage 2 Non-REM
19-25% stage 3-4 Non-REM
126
```
Older adults spend:
_____% in REM sleep
_____% in stage 1 Non-REM
_____% in stage 2 Non-REM
_____% stage 3-4 Non-REM
```
13-20% in REM sleep
7-12% in stage 1 Non-REM
39-55% in stage 2 Non-REM
5-16% stage 3-4 Non-REM
127
```
People with stroke spend:
_____% in REM sleep
_____% in stage 1 Non-REM
_____% in stage 2 Non-REM
_____% stage 3-4 Non-REM
```
17% in REM sleep
13% in stage 1 Non-REM
61% in stage 2 Non-REM
5% stage 3-4 Non-REM
128
Consolidation is enhanced by:
sleep
129
Motor memories are consolidated during repeated cycles of ______________ and _______ sleep.
slow-wave and REM sleep
130
Learning of fine motor tasks greater after 90 minute sleep ______________ following practice.
immediately
131
Which stage of consolidation is sleep dependent, stabilization or enhancement?
enhancement
132
Sequential hypothesis =
memories are consolidated through ordered sequence of non_REM followed by REM sleep (both necessary)
133
Declarative memory -->
SWS or REM
134
Procedural memory -->
stage 2 non-REM or REM
135
Memories likely consolidated off-line through repeated pattern of:
non-REM followed by RM
136
Gains in performance observed after both _________________________________ sleep
night time and daytime
137
Who benefits from sleep?
young healthy adults show:
• increased declarative consolidation with SWS
• procedural consolidation with stage 2 non-REM and REM
138
But, older healthy adults show little off-line sleep-dependent improvement in _____________ learning and _________________ tasks.
spatial learning
fine motor tasks
139
Adults with chronic stroke benefit (from sleep) to:
implicit and explicit task variations
140
In adults with brain injury, mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent consolidation benefits are:
not yet known
141
Clinical applications:
• Conduct PT sessions ____________________________________.
* In a _________________ quiet environment to ensure better sleep
• _______________ following PT sessions
• Assess affects of ________________, ______________ side effects and sleep apnea.
later in day/ in evenings
quiet
Nap
affects of depression, medication side effects...
142
PT school application:
1. workout
2. study
3. sleep
(4. repeat)
143
** Multiple forms of memory, supported by distinct brain system
** Multiple forms of memory, supported by distinct brain system
144
** Short-term memory involves temporary changes in existing neural circuits and neuronal excitability
** Short-term memory involves temporary changes in existing neural circuits and neuronal excitability
145
** Long-term memory involves architectural reorganization of respective memory centers (new protein synthesis and growth)
** Long-term memory involves architectural reorganization of respective memory centers (new protein synthesis and growth)
146
** Cardiovascular exercise enhances memory encoding and consolidation on time-dependent basis
** Cardiovascular exercise enhances memory encoding and consolidation on time-dependent basis
147
** Sleep plays primary role in memory consolidation
** Sleep plays primary role in memory consolidation
