WEEK 10 Cancer 3 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the learning outcomes related to cancer pathology?
- Discuss the diagnoses and treatment strategies for cancer
- Explain the preventative measures for cancer
- Discuss the methods of prognosis for cancer
- Understand the common initiating agents of cancers
- Appreciate symptoms seen in the most common types of cancer
- Know potential treatments options in cancer
These outcomes provide a comprehensive framework for understanding cancer pathology.
What is a common initiating agent linked to cancer?
Oestrogen
Oestrogen is associated with several risk factors for breast cancer.
Fill in the blank: Each 120g/day of _______ increases the risk of bowel cancer by 28%.
red meat
True or False: Smoking does not significantly increase the risk of lung cancer.
False
Smoking is linked to over 5000 chemicals, many of which are carcinogenic.
What is the risk increase associated with each additional 1.25 units of alcohol consumed daily?
7.12%
Alcohol is a group 1 carcinogenic agent linked to various cancers.
What are the symptoms of breast cancer?
- A sore that does not heal
- Unexplained weight loss
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A solid lump in breast
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
These symptoms can indicate the presence of breast cancer.
What are potential treatments for cancer?
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- Hormones
- Immunotherapy
- Bone marrow transplantation
- Stem cell transplantation
- Adjuvant therapy
These treatment options may be used alone or in combination.
What factors can affect the prognosis of cancer?
- Type of cancer
- Location of the tumor
- Stage of disease
- Age of the patient
- Overall health
- Response to treatment
Understanding these factors is essential for determining treatment and outcomes.
Fill in the blank: A 5-year survival rate indicates the percentage of persons who are living _______ after diagnosis.
5 years
What are the general manifestations of cancer?
- Systemic inflammatory responses
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
- Increased metabolic rate
- Paraneoplastic symptoms
- Local effects of tumor on neighboring tissues
These manifestations can vary based on cancer type and progression.
What is the significance of BMI in relation to cancer risk?
Obesity is linked to breast and bowel cancer
‘Belly fat’ is particularly associated with increased cancer risk.
What are some warning signs of cancer?
- A sore that does not heal
- Unexplained weight loss
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- Persistent cough
- Solid lump in body
- Unusual bleeding
Recognizing these signs can lead to early diagnosis.
What is the role of UV rays in cancer risk?
- UVA rays cause skin aging
- UVB rays cause sunburn
- Sunburn leads to DNA damage
UV exposure is a significant risk factor for skin cancers.
What is the relationship between alcohol and lung cancer?
Increases absorption of carcinogenic agents from smoking
Alcohol consumption can exacerbate the effects of smoking on lung cancer risk.
What are common symptoms of lung cancer?
- Persistent cough
- Shortness of breath
- Blood in sputum
- Pain in chest
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
These symptoms may indicate lung cancer and should prompt further investigation.
What is the prevalence of obesity among children in deprived areas?
Children in deprived areas are more than twice as likely to be living with obesity
This highlights socio-economic disparities in health.
What diagnostic tests are commonly used for cancer?
- Complete history
- Physical examination
- Imaging studies
- Biopsy and cytology studies
- Tumor markers
- Blood, urine, and tissue tests
These tests help in diagnosing and staging cancer.
What is the purpose of adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment?
Additional prophylactic treatment used in cancers known to metastasize early
This strategy aims to reduce the risk of recurrence.
