IES - Cross Cultural Psych > Week 10 - Prejudice + Discrimination > Flashcards

Week 10 - Prejudice + Discrimination Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Culturally held cognitive beliefs about groups

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2
Q

What is emotional prejudice?

A

Specific negative emotions (like fear or disgust) that help explain/predict social behavior.

  • They are more than positive/negative attitudes… they are specific feelings that can lead to discrimination.
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3
Q

Discrimination

A

Behavior that (dis)advantages people based on group membership

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4
Q

What does SCM stand for and assess?

A

SCM = Stereotype Content Model.

Assesses two things:

  1. Warmth (intentions—friendly vs. hostile)
  2. Competence (capability—skilled vs. inept)
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5
Q

What predicts perceived warmth and competence in SCM?

A

Warmth: Predicted by competition (less competition = more warmth)

Competence: Predicted by status (higher status = more competence)

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6
Q

What does BIAS Stand For?

A

Behavior from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes

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7
Q

What is the BIAS Map?

A

A 2D grid that maps the emotional prejudices & behavioral tendencies of different social groups.

  • Emotional and behavior tendencies of a group correlate to stereotypes.

The map is key part of the SCM (Social Content Model) which uses two dimensions: warmth and competence to measure stereotypes

  • The BIAS helps predict stereotypes (based on emotions and behaviors toward different groups)
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8
Q

How to read the BIAS Map?

A

Groups are placed in 4 quadrants:

  • High Warmth + high Competence_ → Admiration (admiration/pride)
  • High warmth + low competence → Paternalistic Stereotype (pity/sympathy)
  • Low warmth + high competence → Envious Stereotype (envy, resentment)
  • Low warmth + low competence → Contemptuous Stereotype (contempt, disgust)
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9
Q

Why is the BIAS Map useful?

A

Bc it shows why groups act differently towards other groups based on the emotions held.

  • It’s a key part of SCT (Stereotype Content Theory)
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10
Q

What is Admiration in the BIAS map?

A

High warmth + High competence

Emotion: admiration/pride (ie: in-groups, allies).

  • Positive active and passive facilitation (Active help, passive association –> ‘go along to get along’)
  • Leads to help and affiliation.
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11
Q

Paternalistic Prejudice

A

High warmth + Low competence

Emotion: pity/sympathy (ie: elderly, disabled).

  • Can lead to a mix of active helping + passive social neglect
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12
Q

Envious Prejudice

A

Low warmth + High competence

Emotion: envy/jealousy (ie: successful outsiders).

  • May trigger passive cooperation or active harm.
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13
Q

Contemptuous Prejudice

A

Low warmth + Low competence

Emotion: disgust/contempt (ie: homeless people).

  • Extreme combination of active attack + passive neglect
  • Linked to avoidance, dehumanization, and sometimes violence.
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14
Q

Which is a stronger predictor of behavior: Stereotypes or emotional prejudice?

A

Emotional prejudice

Emotional prejudice (specific feelings) predicts behavior better than stereotypes alone.

according to research

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15
Q

Explain this diagram

A

This is the BIAS Map

  • This labeled diagram explains how perceptions of warmth and competence (stereotypes) lead to specific emotions and behaviors.
  • Each quadrant links a stereotype-based emotion (ie: pity, envy) to typical behavioral responses (ie: active help, passive harm).
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16
Q

What is Intergroup Emotions Theory?

A

A theory that explains how group-based emotions (like fear/anger) develop from social identity and shape how we treat other people.

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17
Q

What is the starting point for Intergroup Emotions Theory?

A

Social identity: Group memberships informs people’s self-concept.

  • we respond more quickly and accurately to traits that match our own self-concept and those of our in-group.
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18
Q

What shapes emotions in Intergroup Emotions Theory?

A

Appraisals: shape specific emotions and action tendencies

  • Based on: perceived responsibility, fairness, and certainty
    • Ex: “good-for-us” vs. “bad-for-us”
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19
Q

Fill in the Examples

A
  1. Fear → A lower-status group fears powerful institutions acting unpredictably or harshly.
  2. Disgust → A wealthy person sees the homeless as violating social norms, triggering disgust and avoidance.
  3. Contempt → Someone sees the elite (who fly on private jets) as knowingly contributing to climate change; personal benefit > others—provoking contempt
  4. Anger → Privileged groups getting angry when immigrants demand to share tax money—these demands are seen as undeserved or threatening, sparking anger and pushback
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20
Q

According to Intergroup Emotions Theory, what does fear result from?

A

When a low-status group sees a high-status group as a threat, but blames circumstances.

Leads to avoidance of powerful group. (ie: immigrants avoid police)

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21
Q

According to Intergroup Emotions Theory, what does disgust result from?

A

When another group violates norms, is low-status, and is blamed.

Leads to group avoiding low-status group (ie: rich avoid homeless)

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22
Q

According to Intergroup Emotions Theory, what does contempt result from?

A

When an in-group perceives the out-group as unfair and intentionally harmful, but feels weak.

**Leads to hostility. **(ie: average person gets angry at the rich that fly private jets)

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23
Q

According to Intergroup Emotions Theory, what causes anger?

A

When a high-status in-group feels strong and sees an out-group as demanding and unfair.

**Leads to hostile action. **(ie: the rich angry with immigrants demanding resources)

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24
Q

What is the Bio-Cultural Approach?

A

Bio-Cultural Approach = a research framework that believes prejudice evolved from a response to group threats (like danger or disease) and shapes emotions like anger or disgust.

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25
What is the Bio-Cultural Approach's _starting point_?
**Evolution + Intergroup Threat** _Evolution:_ We evolved to stay away from threats like disease _Intergroup Threat:_ We stay away from things that threaten the integrity of our in-group
26
**What threats shape intergroup emotions?** (Bio-Cultural Approach)
**Contamination** (health/values) → cause *disgust* → we prevent interacting **Obstacles** → cause *anger* → attempt to remove obstacle
27
What are some **self-promoting evolutionary strategies?**
* Cooperating with reliable partners * Forming coalitions * Excluding/disadvantaging out-groups * Avoiding those seen as carrying pathogens
28
Evolution of Stigma
Evolved to **limit socialization** for personal/group advantage → **protect in-group integrity.**
29
Why is White-Black prejudice considered a special case?
Unique U.S. history (e.g., slavery, segregation) and still causes strong emotions and social division. Also sparked decades of research
30
What is “shooter bias”?
A tendency to more often (and more quickly) shoot unarmed Black suspects than White ones in simulations.
31
What were the “Shooter bias” experiments?
Experiments that examined the cognitive and affective processes behind split-second shooting decisions (Correll et al., 2002)
32
Interracial interactions *(spesifically with Black people)*
Emotional tensions tend to be higher even in crime-irrelevant interactions
33
Race and Automaticity
People have **subconscious & automatic interracial responses** * personal responses can reflect cultural associations even if people don’t consciously agree with them
34
What’s an example of **bias in the justice system** linked to race?
Defendants with more Afrocentric features are more likely to get the death penalty, especially if the victim is White.
35
What factors influence racial bias at the **local level?**
Segregation, crime rates, local politics, media, and levels of racial stereotyping.
36
What is the relationship between **socail context and police stops**?
More local racial prejudice correlates with disproportionate stops of Black drivers.
37
Emotional impact of interracial interactions:
* High stress and anxiety (esp in unstructured interactions) * Poorer cognitive performance * Greater need for self-control
38
What is **aversive racism?**
A mix of *unconscious* **negative feelings** toward out-groups and *conscious* **paternalistic sympathy** and **denial of bias**. **Two Components: ** * _Affective component_: Contact avoidance * _Cognitive component_: Verbal behavior and policy preferences
39
What behaviors are linked to aversive racism?
* Avoiding interracial interactions * Biased policy preferences * Subtle verbal cues
40
How do targets of aversive racism experience it?
With anxiety, vigilance, and distrust, especially due to lived experiences of discrimination.
41
Is racial prejudice biologically evolved?
**No** — racial prejudice is not biologically evolved.
42
Relationship between **genetics and race**
* No genetic patterns reliably match racial categories * More genetic variation within races than between them * Skin color doesn’t reflect shared ancestry * Evolution shaped bias around sex/age, not race
43
What’s the key takeaway about race and genetics?
**race is socially constructed, not biologically real**
44
Social Construction of Racial Prejudice
Racial prejudice is shaped by social experiences, not biology * we learn to see race as meaningful from social exposure, group membership, and categorization.
45
What is the **"cross-race effect"?**
People recognize and process faces of their own race better than others.
46
What is **in-group individuation?**
We process in-group faces as individuals, but see out-group faces by category (Levin, 2000).
47
What is **racial re-categorization?**
Cross-race **biases can be reduced by re-grouping** people into a shared in-group *this shows that cross-race bias is not inevitable*
48
What are **“multiple identities”?**
People belong to many social categories (race, gender, class)—which one is activated depends on the context.
49
How does clothing affect racial categorization?
"Low-status" clothes increase chances of being seen as “Black”; high-status clothes as “White.”
50
What is **intersectional invisibility?**
**When one part of someones identity makes another part invisible,** even within their own group * ie: Someone is either seen as a "black man" or as a "gay man"—not as a "gay black man" _Non-prototypical group members_ = less likely to be noticed, heard, or have influence over other members of their group
51
What is an **intersectional advantage?**
When having multiple identities allows you to sucseed * ie: Black women can show dominance without the backlash typically faced by dominant White women or men. **Why?** They don't fit the typical stereotypes.
52
**Challenges of categorizing** people with **multiple identities**?
It causes disfluency, biased judgments, and may lead to defaulting to devalued categories.
53
**Benefits** of recognizing **multiple identities?**
Personal Benefits: * Improved psychological and physical health * more opportunities * strong self-concept Social Benefits: * Broader target audience overlap
54
How might multiracial identification change views on race?
It may reduce the belief that race is a fixed, natural category.
55
Key takeaway of Racial Bias
Racial prejudice comes from ***how we categorize and interpret social cues*** → this process is influenced by multiple overlapping identities (like race, gender, and status). **Recognizing people’s multiple identities can _reduce bias, improve social understanding, and challenge rigid racial thinking._**
56
What _shift_ did **Allport’s 'The Nature of Prejudice'** make in studying bias?
It shifted focus from group differences to how perceptions create prejudice. ***Studying differences → studying perceptions***
57
**Allport** --- 4 Optimal Conditions & Ideal Format
**Optimal Conditions:** *for reducing prejudice through contact* 1. Equal status 2. Common goals 3. Intergroup cooperation 4. Support from authorities **Ideal Format (for contact):** Informal, personal interaction * Learning about each other * Cross-group friendships
58
Intergroup Contact --- Meta-analysis findings
intergroup contact **reliably reduces prejudice**, especially when more of Allport’s conditions are met.
59
How does contact reduce prejudice?
Mostly through friendships and emotional closeness between groups.
60
Is intergroup contact always enough to create change?
No—contact may reduce prejudice but still preserve inequality unless paired with collective action.
61
How does _intergroup contact_ affect **majority vs. minority** groups?
**Majorities:** Often have fewer experiences and feel discomfort. **Minorities:** Worry about prejudice and trust, especially if conditions aren’t equal.
62
What are the two research strands on social change?
1. **Contact** = Prejudice reduction 2. **Collective action** = Mobilization of disadvantaged groups
63
**What is ICCAM?** *and what does it stand for?*
**Integrated Contact-Collective Action Model** ICCAM = explains how intergroup contact affects support for social change.
64
(ICCAM) **Affects of positive contact:** advantaged vs. disadvantaged groups
**Advantaged groups:** Contact can increase support for social change **Disadvantaged groups:** Contact may reduce activism by increasing focus on harmony * This is called the *"sedative effect"*
65
(ICCAM) When does contact lead to support for change **in both groups?**
1. When *_disadvantaged groups feel **empowered**_* and *_advantaged groups feel **accepted**_* 2. When inequalities are openly acknowledged
66
**Leadership & Group Identity**
_Leadership_ = ***a group process*** and a ***social relationship*** * Successful Leaders create a *shared identity* -- that gives them *power & influence*
67
What are the **two forms of racism** used by **leaders**?
**Exclusionary racism:** Withdrawal of positive outcomes **Punitive racism:** imposition of negative outcomes * In-group virtue = moral high-ground * Out-group threat = labeled a threat to in-group ***Combining both can lead to extreme acts of inhumanity*** and also make that extreme inhumanity look like a virtuous act
IES - Cross Cultural Psych
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