BIO 232 > Week 2 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 2 - Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of fibers (a bunch of axons)
OUTSIDE THE CNS

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2
Q

Tracts

A
  1. Bundles of fibers (a bunch of axons)
    IN THE CNS
  2. Ascending - sensory in to CNS
  3. Descending - CNS to motor output
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3
Q

Ganglia

A
  1. Nerve cell bodies in PNS
  2. Around the spinal cord
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4
Q

Nuclei

A
  1. Nerve cell bodies in CNS
  2. in core of brain
  3. Processing information
  4. Surrounded by white matter
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5
Q

White Matter

A
  1. Axons
  2. Cable connecting all processors of white
  3. Myelinated axons or dendrites
  4. Deeper in brain
  5. Cable connecting parts
  6. Also called Tracts
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6
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  1. Connects R & L hemispheres
  2. Projection pathways allowing the cortex to send motor outputs towards the spinal cord to PNS
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7
Q

Gray Matter

A
  1. cell bodies
  2. Powerhouse Processors
  3. non-myelinated
  4. edge of cortex
  5. processing
  6. integration
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8
Q

CNS Regions of the Brain

A
  1. Cerebrum - outer
  2. Diencephalon - core
  3. Brain Stem - brain/spinal cord
  4. Cerebellum - tiny brain
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9
Q

Ventricles - connect the 4 brain regions

A

1 & 2 - Lateral Ventricles - cerebral hemispheres (looks like horns of ram)

  1. in the diencephalon - in between the two sides of the thalamus
  2. hindbrain - in between the pons and the cerebellum
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10
Q

What disease is associated with the ventricles

A

Cerebral Palsy

Shunt to drain fluid into the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What are the ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal cells
which have cilia

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12
Q

What are the ventricles filled with

A

CSF

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13
Q

What are meninges?

A

Tough, useful membranes that have multiple layers that surround the brain

Protection for the brain
Bone, CSF, BBB

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14
Q

What do the membranes do?

A
  1. Cover the CNS
  2. Adhere blood vessels to the brain
  3. Contains CSF
  4. Form partitions in the skull
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15
Q

What are the three types of meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
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16
Q

Dura Mater

A
  1. Outer layer
  2. Strong Fibrous CT
  3. Holds brain and spinal cord to bone
  4. Sack encloses the brain and spinal cord provising some protection
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17
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  1. Spider Web
  2. Middle Layer
  3. Light fibrous material off of dura mater
  4. Connects to Pia Mater
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18
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space In between the arachnoid mater where the location of the CSF will travel

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19
Q

What is CSF composes of?

A
  1. Watery solution - intra & extracellular
  2. Modified from plasma - less electrolyte and protein
  3. Constant volume is the goal
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20
Q

Functions of the CSF

A
  1. Buoyancy to CNS
  2. Protects CNS from trauma
  3. Nourishment & Chemical signals
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21
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexus - blood vessel

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22
Q

CSF circulation -

A
  1. Choroid Plexus makes CSF
  2. CSF flow into the ventricles
  3. from lateral ventricles
  4. down to 3rd ventricle
  5. to cerebral aqueduct
  6. to 4th ventricle
  7. to the subarachnoid space
  8. back toward teh top of the head
  9. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi
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23
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

Location where the CSF leaves the CNS region back into a vein called the Dural Venous Sinus

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24
Q

Dural Venous Sinus

A

Vein where the CSF leaves the CNS and enters the Dural Venous Sinus

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25
External Hydrocephalus
1. External Blockage 2. Build up of fluid in subarachnoid space pushing inward on the brain 3. Compresses brain
26
Internal Hydrocephalus
1. Internal Blockage 2. Fluid would start to back up causing internal pressure Compression inside out 3. Ventricles out 4. Expands
27
CSF Issues
Spina bifida Cerberal Palsy - shunt drain into abdomen
28
The Brains Convolutions
folds of the surface of the brain
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Cortex Convolutions
Surface of the brain
30
Gyri
Bumps
31
Sulci
Shallow groove Opposite of bump
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Fissure
Deeper Groove Deep Dividing Line
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Central Sulcus
1. Divides Frontal Lobe from Parietal Lobe 2. where you go from motor activity in frontal cortex to the sensory processing of the parietal lobe
34
Lateral Sulcus
Dividing line between the temporal lobe and frontal lobe
35
Cerebral longitudinal fissure
1. Divides the L and R cerebral hemispheres 2. Place that connects the sides of the hemispheresTr
36
Transverse Fissures
1. Divides cerebellum (baby brain) from Occipital Lobe and Temporal Lobe above it 2. Divides Cerebellum below from cerebrum above 3. Things above the fissure are cerebrum 4. Things below cerebellum and brain stem
37
Cerebrum
Referring to the cortex of all the lobes and the diencephalon (omitting the cerebellum and brain stem)
38
4 Brain Regions
1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain Stem 4. Cerebellum
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Parts of the Cerebrum
L & R cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon
40
Parts of the Diencephalon
1. Epithalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus
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Parts of the Brain stem (Region below the Diencephalon)
1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata
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Parts of the Cerebellum
Baby brain under the cerebrum
43
Name the four lobes
1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Temporal Lobe 4. Occipital Lobe
44
Frontal Lobe - Functions
MOTOR 1. Movement - Voluntary 2. Memory 3. Reasoning - Critical thinking 4. Emotion & Verbal communications 5. Distinguishes humans from everything else
45
Parietal Lobe - Functions
SENSORY 1. Body Mapping 2. Sensory localization
46
Temporal Lobe - Functions
EARS 1. Hearing 2. equilibrium 3. Memories of sensory experiences
47
Occipital Lobe - Functions
EYES 1. Vision 2. Visual interpretation 3. Integrating eye movement
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Which lobe does motor?
Frontal Lobe
49
Which lobe does sensory?
Pariteal Lobe
50
Four Areas in the Frontal Lobe that do motor
1. Primary Motor Cortex M1 - COMMAND 2. PreMotor - Planning 3. Broca's area 4. Frontal Eye Fields
51
Primary Motor Cortex -M1
MOTOR COMMAND CENTER 1. Voluntary movement 2. Pyramidal cells (corticospinal tracts - white matteer CNS) Brain to spinal Descending pathways 3. Somatotopic - body mapping 4. Gyrus in front of central sulcus
52
Premotor
PLANNING 1. Learned motor skills 2. Repetitious activity or patterns and planning 3. Premotor turns on before Primary Motor Cortex
53
Broca's Area
IN the frontal lobe 1. Motor aspects of speech
54
Frontal Eye Fields
Frontal Lobe 1. Voluntary eye movements
55
Sensory Areas of the cortex in parietal lobe
1. Primary somatosensory cortex 2. Somatosensory association area (cortex) 3. Visual Areas - Primary & Association 4. Auditory Areas - primary & Association areas
56
Visual Neglect
1. Nothing wrong with eyes 2. Structures of vision are fine 3. But visual field is affected 4. Can only draw half of what you see 5. Association - structure - sensory to put all together 6. Phineas Gage - Prefrontal cortex damage
57
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
1. Localization 2. Localize muscles 7 skin stimuli 3. Sensory Homunculus - visual - lots of face, tongue, hands, fingers
58
Somatosensory association area (cortex)
1. Sensory integration & analysis 2. What to do, need to integrate, analyze 3. Association Neuron - Presynaptic sensory afferent --> interneuron association --> Efferent motor
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Visual Areas - Primary & Association
1. Occipital Lobe 2. Experience - life taught - p/u pen 3. Basic memory part - orient body to p/u pen - higher thinking - frontal lobe - 4. Parietal & Frontal Lobe 5. Primary - Big Picture Visual 6. Association area - info stitch together - more holistic view of how/what it is and oriented to us and our environment
60
Auditory Areas - Primary & Association
1. Temporal Lobe 2. Will allow for interpretation and integration of auditory information
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Lateralization
Division of labor between hemispheres
62
Cerebral Dominance
1. Left Hemisphere - Math, Logic, Language (Analytical - Sequence) in 90% of people 2. Right Hemisphere - Insight - visual-spatial skills, intuition, artistic skills, holistic, unitary, creative
63
Meant by Association Areas?
1. Think of an area that will help put the pieces together 2. Takes individual pieces of information and stitches them together. 3. So we have appropriate interpretation - INTEGRATION 4. Analysis of info that is available to us
64
Commissures
The way you connect L & R hemispheres through the corpus callosum
65
Association fibers
1. Only connect regions w/in the same hemisphere 2. Connected processed information from one area w/in the same hemisphere
66
Projection fibers (corona radiata)
1. Theses will be motor pathways 2. Descending Pathways 3. cortico spinal tracts 4. Connecting the cerebrum 5. descending down to the medulla oblongata 6. where you have the crossing over at the decussation of pyramids 7. allowing the R side to control the L and vice versa
67
Cerebrum - What they do
Motor Sensory Association
68
Brain Stem - what they do
1. Basic Life Functions 2. Respirations 3. Homeostasis
69
Midbrain - what they do
Pupil Dilation Startle Reflex
70
Pons - what they do
Bridge Connects spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebrum
71
Medulla Oblongata - what they do
Site of decussation (crossover), vasomotor, breathing rate
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Cerebellum - what they do
Online feedback & Coordination
73
Dysfunction - cerebral damage
1. Dysmetria 2. Cerebelar ataxia 3. Intention Tremor 4. Dysarthria
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Dysmetria
Motor output is NOT in control Imbalance of excitation * inhibition
75
Cerebelar ataxia
Cerebellum is not gone Does not quite work right
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Intention Tremor
1. smooth in the middle motion 2. as they get closer and closer to target - they correct, overcorrect, overcorrect as they hit the target
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Dysarthria
In coordination of execution of speech can understand speech but have a difficult time coordinating excitation & inhibition w/in the muscles of the oral cavity that are required for speech
78
Functions - Pons
Connects spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebrum
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Functions - Epithalamus
Pineal gland - endocrine function
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Functions - Midbrain
Pupil dilation startle reflex
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Functions - Thalamus
Routes information, cortical arousal
82
Functions - Basal Nuclei (ganglia)
Balances excitation and inhibition
83
Functions - Hypothalamus
Heart Rate BP Thermoregulation
84
Functions - Medulla Oblongata
Site of decussation (crossover), vasomotor, breathing rate
85
Limbic System
1. Emotional Brain - frontal cortex &/or limits emotional expression 2. Depressants (alcohol) deregulate emotional action
86
Reticular Formation
1. ~ 100 brain stem nuclei Has Four Functions 1. Arousal 2. Somatic Motor Control 3. ANS control 4. Pain Modulation
87
RF - Arousal
1. Cortical arousal pathway created in the thalamus 2. Think of it like a relay station - getting the info from the periphery - senses - (receptors) - to the RF - up t the thalamus 3. RF --> Thalamus --> cortical activity
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RF - Somatic Motor Control
1. Help to regulate the descending motor pathways 2. Helping to smooth out the motor output and help establish even more coordination 3. Increases smoothness and coordination
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RF -ANS Control
Respiratory & Cardio Centers
90
RF - Pain Modulation
Descending fiber can block pain transmission
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Spinal Cord organization
Foramen Magnum --> conus medullaris at L1 vertebrae Meaning that the cross-sectional pattern of the spinal cord actually stops What you see beyond this area is spinal nerves
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All of the CNS is housed in--
the meninges dura, arachnoid, pia mater
94
The meninges extend all the way down to the structure called ...
Filum Terminale
95
Filum Terminale
Helps to hold all of these meninges, or membranes, to the coccyx, ensuring that the integrity of this protection is maintained
96
What is the job of the spinal cord?
1. It is all about bringing information: In from the CNS out to PNS -OR- In from the PNS out to CNS 2. Contains spinal reflex centers
97
Naming Pathways
Origins & Insertions 1. Where cell bodies (signal) originates 2. Where axons terminate Sensory - ascending or Motor - descending
BIO 232
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