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BIO 232 > Week 4 - Study Guide - Hearing > Flashcards

Week 4 - Study Guide - Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of the ear

A

External
Middle
Internal ear (labyrinth)

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2
Q

Where is the pinna (auricle)?

A

Ear flaps

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3
Q

Where is cerumen produced?

A

Auditory canal

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4
Q

What function does earwax serve?

A

Deters insects
waterproofing
help prevent ear infections

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5
Q

Where is the external acoustic meatus?

A

Hole through the skull

canal through the skull to middle ear and inner ear

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6
Q

Middle ear is for

A

hearing
Air and bones to amplify sound
Tympanic cavity

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7
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

at the border between the external and middle ear

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8
Q

eardrum
AKA

A

Tympanic membrane

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9
Q

Middle ear is filled with

A

Air

an air-filled tympanic cavity

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10
Q

The connection between the middle and inner ear is

A

the Oval and Round window

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11
Q

Oval window is a membrane associated with

A

vestibular canal

where the sound wave enters

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12
Q

Round window is a membrane associated with

A

tympanic canal - an inner component

where the sound waves leave

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13
Q

Oval window is where

A

on the stapes

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14
Q

Round window is where

A

round window is below the stapes

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15
Q

Middle ear has a connection from the ear to throat - what is it?

A

3 names
1. Auditory tube
2. Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
3. Eustachian tube

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16
Q

The auditory tube is open to ?

A

Open to the pharynx

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17
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

to equalize pressure of middle ear and the atmosphere

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18
Q

Feature in the middle ear

A

Epitympanic recess
is the dead-end cavity

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19
Q

Epitympanic recess may what?

A

detect very low wavelength sound

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20
Q

Name the three auditor ossicles from lateral to medial

A
  1. Malleus = hammer
  2. Incus = anvil
  3. Stapes = stirrup
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21
Q

Malleus is physically associated with…

A

with the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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22
Q

What bone is closely associated with the oval window?

A

Stapes

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23
Q

3 auditory ossicles working –

A
  1. when the tympanic membrane vibrates
  2. ossicles pick up the vibration
  3. and they MAGNIFY it 20X
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24
Q

How much do the ossicle bones amplify sound?

A

20x

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25
Internal Ear is about
Hearing & Balance senses Rotation of head and Linear movement of head
26
What is the open space within the cavity of the skull called?
Bony Labyrinth
27
Where do you find the structures: Vestibule Semicircular canals cochlea
Bony Labyrinth
28
Details about the bony labyrinth:
1. Membrane lined 2. filled with perilymph fluid 3. located in the temporal lobe
29
What is the hollow tube within the bony labyrinth?
Membranous Labyrinth Inner membrane that has more fluid
30
What type of fluid is in the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph fluid
31
What two things are in the Membranous Labyrinth?
1. Endolymph fluid 2. Receptors Associated with either Balance & equilibrium or Hearing
32
Equilibrium sensors of the inner ear...
Contain Hair cells- 1. Vestibular sensors - including the utricle and saccule 2. Semicircular Canals
33
Vestibular Sensors are really good at general awareness of...
1. influenced by gravity 2. head position - whether you are right side up, upside down, off at an angle 3. linear accel/decel - walking, running, walking sideways, up and down an elevator All linear positions of motion where your head is moving on a straight trajectory
34
Semicircular Canals are all about...
angular accel/decel rotation of the head including acceleration and deceleration. If your head is rotating in space- the semicircular canals will sense it
35
The structure within the cochlear called
the Organ of Corti
36
What is the function of the Organ of Corti?
It responds to vibration 1. that are picked up from the tympanic membrane and the ossicles picking up the vibration from the oval window 2. interpret based on the sensors that get stimulated 3. And what kind of action potentials are sent to the brain
37
The Cochlea has three regions -
1. Vestibular canal (scala vestibuli) 2. Cochlear Duct (scala media) 3. Tympanic canal (scala tympani)
38
The cochlea has two membranes
1. vestibular 2. basilar
39
helicotrema
Feature that is the dividing line between the (top region) vestibular canal (scala vestibule) (where canal narrows) And the (bottom region) Tympanic canal (scala tympani) begins
40
Sound waves enter this window and exit this window
enter the oval window exit the round window
41
What bone is associated with the oval window?
stapes
42
What is inferior to oval window?
round window
43
Round window connects to
round window is the membrane that connects up to the middle ear again
44
Order from top to bottom the three regions of the cochlea
1. vestibular canal (scala vestibuli) 2. cochlear duct (scala media) 3. Tympanic canal (scala tympani)
45
Name the two canals in the cochlea
1. Vestibular canal (upper) 2. Tympanic canal (lower)
46
What is located between the two canals in the cochlea?
Cochlear duct (scala media)
47
What fluid fills the upper and lower canal (scala vestibuli and scala tympani)
perilymph fluid
48
What fluid fills the cochlear duct (scala media)?
endolymph fluid
49
What is the sensory structure in the cochlea?
Organ of Corti
50
Organization in the organ of corti?
top layer - tectorial membrane middle - hair cells attached to the tectorial membrane Bottom - Basilar membrane
51
WHICH MEMBRANE OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI VIBRATES?
the Basilar membrane
52
What happens in the organ of corti
1. Basilar membrane vibrates 2. hair cells bend and hit the tectorial membrane 3. causing hyper or depolarization
53
High and low pitch is distinguished by
where in the cochlea hair cells hit
54
Detection of sound (perception of sound)
movement of the basilar membrane bends the haor cells in the Organ of Corti Generates an AP
55
Stereocilia is associated with
the outer hair cells - in the inner hair cells
56
What is foundational in getting the APs from inner ear to the brain for both basilar membrane system and stereocilia system
Mechanical gates
57
Hair cells connect to gates creating one of two things -
1. Hyperpolarization 2. Depolarization
58
Pressure wave =
Sound high pressure low pressure
59
We will perceive the sound (pressure wave) ...
1. based on pitch 2. frequency 3. amplitude of the sound (loudness)
60
High Frequency =
High Pitch Travels faster
61
Low Frequency =
Low pitch (low pitch takes longer to travel)
62
Amplitude =
loudness
63
The Ossicles pick up the vibrations and amplify them by
20x
64
Why does it matter that the ossicles amplify by 20x?
because to have enough signal strength to move from air-filled to liquid-filled
65
What part of the ear amplifies sound?
ossicles by 20x
66
Low frequency causes vibrations where
distal portion of the membrane furthest away from the oval window
67
High frequency causes vibrations where
proximal portion of the membrane closest to the oval window
68
What are the two functions of the ossicles?
1. transferring the vibration from the middle ear to the inner ear 2. Amplification (20x)
69
What light conditions are we in if... (Light or Dark) Rod pigment is in 11-cis retinal form
Dark
70
What light conditions are we in if... (Light or Dark) cGMP is bound to the gate on the rod membrane
Dark
71
What light conditions are we in if... (Light or Dark) cGMP is being converted to GMP
low light talking about rods
72
What light conditions are we in if... (Light or Dark) PDE is being activated by transducin
low light rods again photobleaching
73
What light conditions are we in if... (Light or Dark) Rod is inhibited & bipolar cell begins to depolarize
light
74
Difference between sensorineural and conductive
1. Conductive hearing loss is impeded (ear wax example) through the external or middle ear or both 2. sensorineural hearing loss is problem in the cochlea or neural pathway to the auditory cortex
75
otitis media
infection in the middle ear that causes inflammation and build-up of fluid behind the eardrum
76
otosclerosis
can happen when abnormal bone growth in your middle or inner ear interferes with sound's ability to travel causing progressive hearing loss
77
Meniere's disease
a disorder caused by build of fluid in the chambers in the inner ear affecting balance and hearing - vertigo bouts
78
tinnitus
Ringing in the ears
79
Vestibulocochlear nerve decussates in
crosses over in the medulla BUT some fibers cross back Brain is processing sound from both ears
80
Loudness affects ...
Tympanic membrane - it will move more or less depending of the sound was loud or soft
81
Which frequency is harder to pinpoint the location?
low frequency
82
Localization of sound by
1. timing - closer ear detects first 2. loudness - move tympanic membrane more or less 3. high pitch sounds perceived as loudest in ear nearest the source 4. Low-pitch sound perceived as equally intense - harder to figure out where it is happening
83
Hair cells are attached to the cranial nerves of the vestibular or cochlear named what kind of nerve?
vestibulocochlear nerve
84
Location of the Utricle & Saccule sensors
1. against the walls of the inner ear 2. between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
85
Utricle and Saccule sense...
1. linear translation or (static) 2. Equilibrium sense related to gravity
86
The name of the receptor structure within the utricle and saccule
Macula
87
Macula is made up of
1. Hair cells with stereocilia 2. embedded in a gelatinous matrix 3. covered with CaCO3 crystals = otoliths additional weights on top on the gelatinous mixture JELLO THEORY with fruit
88
Why do we have otoliths on top of the macula within the utricle and the saccule?
1. to be most sensitive to small linear motions they allow for improved sensitivity
89
Think of the semicircular canals as 3 loopdy loops on a roller coaster...
1. the motion in each of these 3 canals is in a different orientation 2. Allowing us to be sensitive to how our head is rotating in space 3. in various directions
90
Semicircular canals can sense
Angular Rotation
91
Hair bundle in the semicircular canals
Kinocillium and nerves - sterocilia
92
When you shake the fluid in the semicircular canals it causes the fluid to move...
1. Causing cupulla to bend hair cells 2. Crista ampullaris Bend one way causes inhibition other way causes excitation
93
Name of the fluid in the semicircular canals
Endolymph
94
Name of the hair cells in the semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris sensory hair cells
95
Enlargement in the semicircular canals is called
Ampulla an open space where the hair sensors are located
96
Name of the Open space where the hair sensors are located (in the semicircular canals)
Ampulla
97
Name of the sensory hair cells in the semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris
98
What is the gelatinous mass that is embedding in the hair cells of the semicircular canals?
Cupula
99
The sensors in the semicircular canals sense
1. Acceleration 2. Deceleration BUT not steady speeds responds to changes in a rotation causing an AP to be sent
100
Where in the Cochlea is perilymph located?
Scala vestibuli & Tympani vestibuli
101
Where in the Cochlea is endolymph located?
scala media
102
Name the two membranes of the Cochlea
1. tectorial membrane 2. Basilar
103
Explain how sound waves (pressure) travel to the labyrinth & cause perception of auditory signals (high versus low frequencies???)
1. Air-->Bones-->Fluid with amplification, 2. basilar membrane vibrates 3. hair cells deflect against the tectorial membrane
104
Two types of eye movements
1. Slow Smooth pursuit 2. Fast Saccade
105
Smooth pursuit
SLow eye motion eyes move opposite to head -You can watch car drive by as it moves L to R or vice versa - a smooth tracking motion
106
Saccade
Fast eye motion Eye moves same as head Extreme L to R Not tracking anything Moving eyes quickly to a new target in visual space
107
Optokinetic nystagmus - elicited
Making quick eye movements track head does not move but eyes move
108
Nystagmus - clinical
twitching - general motion Pattern of motion due to lack of eye control

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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