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BIO 232 > Week 4 - Study Guide - Hearing > Flashcards

Week 4 - Study Guide - Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of the ear

A

External
Middle
Internal ear (labyrinth)

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2
Q

Where is the pinna (auricle)?

A

Ear flaps

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3
Q

Where is cerumen produced?

A

Auditory canal

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4
Q

What function does earwax serve?

A

Deters insects
waterproofing
help prevent ear infections

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5
Q

Where is the external acoustic meatus?

A

Hole through the skull

canal through the skull to middle ear and inner ear

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6
Q

Middle ear is for

A

hearing
Air and bones to amplify sound
Tympanic cavity

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7
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

at the border between the external and middle ear

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8
Q

eardrum
AKA

A

Tympanic membrane

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9
Q

Middle ear is filled with

A

Air

an air-filled tympanic cavity

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10
Q

The connection between the middle and inner ear is

A

the Oval and Round window

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11
Q

Oval window is a membrane associated with

A

vestibular canal

where the sound wave enters

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12
Q

Round window is a membrane associated with

A

tympanic canal - an inner component

where the sound waves leave

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13
Q

Oval window is where

A

on the stapes

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14
Q

Round window is where

A

round window is below the stapes

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15
Q

Middle ear has a connection from the ear to throat - what is it?

A

3 names
1. Auditory tube
2. Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
3. Eustachian tube

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16
Q

The auditory tube is open to ?

A

Open to the pharynx

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17
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

to equalize pressure of middle ear and the atmosphere

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18
Q

Feature in the middle ear

A

Epitympanic recess
is the dead-end cavity

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19
Q

Epitympanic recess may what?

A

detect very low wavelength sound

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20
Q

Name the three auditor ossicles from lateral to medial

A
  1. Malleus = hammer
  2. Incus = anvil
  3. Stapes = stirrup
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21
Q

Malleus is physically associated with…

A

with the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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22
Q

What bone is closely associated with the oval window?

A

Stapes

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23
Q

3 auditory ossicles working –

A
  1. when the tympanic membrane vibrates
  2. ossicles pick up the vibration
  3. and they MAGNIFY it 20X
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24
Q

How much do the ossicle bones amplify sound?

A

20x

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25
Q

Internal Ear is about

A

Hearing & Balance

senses Rotation of head and Linear movement of head

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26
Q

What is the open space within the cavity of the skull called?

A

Bony Labyrinth

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27
Q

Where do you find the structures:
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
cochlea

A

Bony Labyrinth

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28
Q

Details about the bony labyrinth:

A
  1. Membrane lined
  2. filled with perilymph fluid
  3. located in the temporal lobe
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29
Q

What is the hollow tube within the bony labyrinth?

A

Membranous Labyrinth

Inner membrane that has more fluid

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30
Q

What type of fluid is in the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph fluid

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31
Q

What two things are in the Membranous Labyrinth?

A
  1. Endolymph fluid
  2. Receptors
    Associated with either Balance & equilibrium or Hearing
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32
Q

Equilibrium sensors of the inner ear…

A

Contain Hair cells-

  1. Vestibular sensors - including the utricle and saccule
  2. Semicircular Canals
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33
Q

Vestibular Sensors are really good at general awareness of…

A
  1. influenced by gravity
  2. head position - whether you are right side up, upside down, off at an angle
  3. linear accel/decel - walking, running, walking sideways, up and down an elevator
    All linear positions of motion where your head is moving on a straight trajectory
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34
Q

Semicircular Canals are all about…

A

angular accel/decel

rotation of the head including acceleration and deceleration.

If your head is rotating in space- the semicircular canals will sense it

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35
Q

The structure within the cochlear called

A

the Organ of Corti

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36
Q

What is the function of the Organ of Corti?

A

It responds to vibration

  1. that are picked up from the tympanic membrane and the ossicles picking up the vibration from the oval window
  2. interpret based on the sensors that get stimulated
  3. And what kind of action potentials are sent to the brain
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37
Q

The Cochlea has three regions -

A
  1. Vestibular canal (scala vestibuli)
  2. Cochlear Duct (scala media)
  3. Tympanic canal (scala tympani)
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38
Q

The cochlea has two membranes

A
  1. vestibular
  2. basilar
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39
Q

helicotrema

A

Feature that is the dividing line between the (top region) vestibular canal (scala vestibule) (where canal narrows)

And the (bottom region) Tympanic canal (scala tympani) begins

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40
Q

Sound waves enter this window and exit this window

A

enter the oval window

exit the round window

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41
Q

What bone is associated with the oval window?

A

stapes

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42
Q

What is inferior to oval window?

A

round window

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43
Q

Round window connects to

A

round window is the membrane that connects up to the middle ear again

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44
Q

Order from top to bottom the three regions of the cochlea

A
  1. vestibular canal (scala vestibuli)
  2. cochlear duct (scala media)
  3. Tympanic canal (scala tympani)
45
Q

Name the two canals in the cochlea

A
  1. Vestibular canal (upper)
  2. Tympanic canal (lower)
46
Q

What is located between the two canals in the cochlea?

A

Cochlear duct (scala media)

47
Q

What fluid fills the upper and lower canal
(scala vestibuli and scala tympani)

A

perilymph fluid

48
Q

What fluid fills the cochlear duct (scala media)?

A

endolymph fluid

49
Q

What is the sensory structure in the cochlea?

A

Organ of Corti

50
Q

Organization in the organ of corti?

A

top layer - tectorial membrane

middle - hair cells attached to the tectorial membrane

Bottom - Basilar membrane

51
Q

WHICH MEMBRANE OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI VIBRATES?

A

the Basilar membrane

52
Q

What happens in the organ of corti

A
  1. Basilar membrane vibrates
  2. hair cells bend and hit the tectorial membrane
  3. causing hyper or depolarization
53
Q

High and low pitch is distinguished by

A

where in the cochlea hair cells hit

54
Q

Detection of sound (perception of sound)

A

movement of the basilar membrane bends the haor cells in the Organ of Corti

Generates an AP

55
Q

Stereocilia is associated with

A

the outer hair cells - in the inner hair cells

56
Q

What is foundational in getting the APs from inner ear to the brain for both basilar membrane system and stereocilia system

A

Mechanical gates

57
Q

Hair cells connect to gates creating one of two things -

A
  1. Hyperpolarization
  2. Depolarization
58
Q

Pressure wave =

A

Sound

high pressure
low pressure

59
Q

We will perceive the sound (pressure wave) …

A
  1. based on pitch
  2. frequency
  3. amplitude of the sound (loudness)
60
Q

High Frequency =

A

High Pitch
Travels faster

61
Q

Low Frequency =

A

Low pitch
(low pitch takes longer to travel)

62
Q

Amplitude =

A

loudness

63
Q

The Ossicles pick up the vibrations and amplify them by

A

20x

64
Q

Why does it matter that the ossicles amplify by 20x?

A

because to have enough signal strength to move from air-filled to liquid-filled

65
Q

What part of the ear amplifies sound?

A

ossicles
by 20x

66
Q

Low frequency
causes vibrations where

A

distal portion of the membrane

furthest away from the oval window

67
Q

High frequency causes vibrations where

A

proximal portion of the membrane

closest to the oval window

68
Q

What are the two functions of the ossicles?

A
  1. transferring the vibration from the middle ear to the inner ear
  2. Amplification (20x)
69
Q

What light conditions are we in if… (Light or Dark)
Rod pigment is in 11-cis retinal form

A

Dark

70
Q

What light conditions are we in if… (Light or Dark)
cGMP is bound to the gate on the rod membrane

A

Dark

71
Q

What light conditions are we in if… (Light or Dark)
cGMP is being converted to GMP

A

low light

talking about rods

72
Q

What light conditions are we in if… (Light or Dark)
PDE is being activated by transducin

A

low light

rods again
photobleaching

73
Q

What light conditions are we in if… (Light or Dark)
Rod is inhibited & bipolar cell begins to depolarize

A

light

74
Q

Difference between sensorineural and conductive

A
  1. Conductive hearing loss is impeded (ear wax example) through the external or middle ear or both
  2. sensorineural hearing loss is problem in the cochlea or neural pathway to the auditory cortex
75
Q

otitis media

A

infection in the middle ear that causes inflammation and build-up of fluid behind the eardrum

76
Q

otosclerosis

A

can happen when abnormal bone growth in your middle or inner ear interferes with sound’s ability to travel
causing progressive hearing loss

77
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

a disorder caused by build of fluid in the chambers in the inner ear

affecting balance and hearing - vertigo bouts

78
Q

tinnitus

A

Ringing in the ears

79
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve decussates in

A

crosses over in the medulla
BUT some fibers cross back

Brain is processing sound from both ears

80
Q

Loudness affects …

A

Tympanic membrane - it will move more or less depending of the sound was loud or soft

81
Q

Which frequency is harder to pinpoint the location?

A

low frequency

82
Q

Localization of sound by

A
  1. timing - closer ear detects first
  2. loudness - move tympanic membrane more or less
  3. high pitch sounds perceived as loudest in ear nearest the source
  4. Low-pitch sound perceived as equally intense - harder to figure out where it is happening
83
Q

Hair cells are attached to the cranial nerves of the vestibular or cochlear named what kind of nerve?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

84
Q

Location of the Utricle & Saccule sensors

A
  1. against the walls of the inner ear
  2. between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
85
Q

Utricle and Saccule sense…

A
  1. linear translation
    or (static)
  2. Equilibrium sense related to gravity
86
Q

The name of the receptor structure within the utricle and saccule

A

Macula

87
Q

Macula is made up of

A
  1. Hair cells with stereocilia
  2. embedded in a gelatinous matrix
  3. covered with CaCO3 crystals = otoliths
    additional weights on top on the gelatinous mixture

JELLO THEORY with fruit

88
Q

Why do we have otoliths on top of the macula within the utricle and the saccule?

A
  1. to be most sensitive to small linear motions

they allow for improved sensitivity

89
Q

Think of the semicircular canals as 3 loopdy loops on a roller coaster…

A
  1. the motion in each of these 3 canals is in a different orientation
  2. Allowing us to be sensitive to how our head is rotating in space
  3. in various directions
90
Q

Semicircular canals can sense

A

Angular Rotation

91
Q

Hair bundle in the semicircular canals

A

Kinocillium and nerves - sterocilia

92
Q

When you shake the fluid in the semicircular canals it causes the fluid to move…

A
  1. Causing cupulla to bend hair cells
  2. Crista ampullaris
    Bend one way causes inhibition
    other way causes excitation
93
Q

Name of the fluid in the semicircular canals

A

Endolymph

94
Q

Name of the hair cells in the semicircular canals

A

Crista ampullaris

sensory hair cells

95
Q

Enlargement in the semicircular canals is called

A

Ampulla

an open space where the hair sensors are located

96
Q

Name of the Open space where the hair sensors are located (in the semicircular canals)

A

Ampulla

97
Q

Name of the sensory hair cells in the semicircular canals

A

Crista ampullaris

98
Q

What is the gelatinous mass that is embedding in the hair cells of the semicircular canals?

A

Cupula

99
Q

The sensors in the semicircular canals sense

A
  1. Acceleration
  2. Deceleration

BUT not steady speeds

responds to changes in a rotation causing an AP to be sent

100
Q

Where in the Cochlea is perilymph located?

A

Scala vestibuli & Tympani vestibuli

101
Q

Where in the Cochlea is endolymph located?

A

scala media

102
Q

Name the two membranes of the Cochlea

A
  1. tectorial membrane
  2. Basilar
103
Q

Explain how sound waves (pressure) travel to the labyrinth & cause perception of auditory signals (high versus low frequencies???)

A
  1. Air–>Bones–>Fluid with amplification,
  2. basilar membrane vibrates
  3. hair cells deflect against the tectorial membrane
104
Q

Two types of eye movements

A
  1. Slow
    Smooth pursuit
  2. Fast
    Saccade
105
Q

Smooth pursuit

A

SLow eye motion
eyes move opposite to head

-You can watch car drive by as it moves L to R or vice versa
- a smooth tracking motion

106
Q

Saccade

A

Fast eye motion
Eye moves same as head

Extreme L to R
Not tracking anything
Moving eyes quickly to a new target in visual space

107
Q

Optokinetic nystagmus - elicited

A

Making quick eye movements
track
head does not move but eyes move

108
Q

Nystagmus - clinical

A

twitching - general motion

Pattern of motion due to lack of eye control

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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